
EDUCXnON 
IATION and 



INTERNM10NAL 
CONGRESS of 



Ti 






Map of the Bay Region, Showing San Francisco, Oakland and 
Surroundings 



CoJ^Lv^wiA Tit O^^U-OLJ»X^-V\. 




Minor Portal, Palace 01 Education, 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition. 






OCT 



TV*"-' „ 

XI \9A6 



PRESENTED TO 

THE VISITING TEACHERS 

BY 

THE CALIFORNIA TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION 

AND THE 

DIRECTOR FOR CALIFORNIA 

OF THE 

NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 



Copyright 1915, by 

ARTHUR HENRY CHAMBERLAIN 



FOREWORD 

THE meeting of the National Education Asso- 
ciation at Oakland, August 16-28, 1915, 
marks the fifty-third annual session of that 
body. On four previous occasions the or- 
ganization has met in our state : in 1888 at San 
Francisco; 1899 at Los Angeles; 1907 at Los An- 
geles, and 1911 at San Francisco. On each of these 
occasions the attendance was greater than at any 
previous meeting of the association. 

The value of an educational meeting, however, 
is not measured in terms of numbers attending. 
The quality of these meetings and the results grow- 
ing out of those sessions held in California has had 
a marked effect upon the schools of our state. This 
year California called to the educators of the Na- 
tion to come again to the Pacific Coast, not from 
any selfish motive, but because we were holding 
here a great International Exposition. This Expo- 
sition is in itself a world training school, and 
teachers from every corner of the country should 
have an opportunity to profit by it. 

The California Teachers' Association welcomes 
the teachers of the Nation. It welcomes the mem- 
bers of the International Congress of Education, 
and our distinguished guests from foreign nations. 
We in California feel certain that this third Inter- 
national Congress, this fifty-third session of the 
National Education Association and this greatest 
of all International Expositions will leave an im- 
press for good upon the teachers and the schools 
of California. 

We beg the members of the N. E. A. to accept this 
booklet in token of our appreciation of their visit 
among us. 

The thanks of the State Director are due those 
who graciously contributed to these pages, and to 
all who in any way made the issuance of the 
publication possible. 

ARTHUR HENRY CHAMBERLAIN. 



CONTENTS 

Cover design in color, Italian Tower, Palace of Education. 

Map of Bay Region (inside front cover). Page 

Title page 1 

Dedication 2 

Foreword, Arthur Henry Chamberlain 3 

Contents 4 

Illustrations 5 

Frontispiece, The Liberty Bell 6 

Welcome to California, David Starr Jordan 7 

Greetings, Hiram W. Johnson 9 

The Panama-Pacific International Exposition, the University of the 

World, Charles C. Moore 10 

Messages from Past Presidents: Aaron Gove, Charles R. Skinner, 
Oscar T. Corson, William H. Maxwell, Nathan C. Schaeffer, 

Carrol G. Pearse, Joseph Swain 11 

Officers of the General Association, N. E. A., for 1914-1915 16 

The National Education Association, Durand W. Springer 17 

The National Education Association, Irwin Shepard 18 

The Significance of the Panama Canal, Benjamin Ide Wheeler 24 

The State Department of Education, Edward Hyatt 27 

State Board of Education, Superintendent of Public Instruction and 

Commissioners 30 

County Superintendents of Schools 32 

City Superintendents of Schools 33 

State Normal School Presidents 33 

Members of the California Council of Education 38 

California Council of Education, E. Morris Cox 42 

The California County Library System, Charles S. Greene 45 

The Philippine Public Schools: Some Salient Features, Frank L. 

Crone 48 

My Lincoln Poem, Edwin Markham 51 

Life in the Open, Charles Frederick Holder 54 

El Camino Sierra, W. G. Scott 59 

Sunrise Over the Sierras (poem), Henry Meade Bland 62 

The Exposition, Its Purpose and How to Appreciate It, Alvin E. 

Pope 63 

Photographic Reproductions of the Panama-Pacific International 

Exposition, text by Arthur Henry Chamberlain 66 

Educational Congresses and Conferences, James A. Barr 76 

California's Education Exhibit, Panama- Pacific International Expo- 
sition, W. G. Egilbert 77 

The California Exhibit, Palace of Education, Arthur Henry Cham- 
berlain 82 

The Panama-California Exposition, Louis H. Falk 96 

Our Western Wonderlands, Arthur Henry Chamberlain 101 

Yosemite National Park 101 

The Big Trees of California 107 

Lake Tahoe Ill 

The Grand Canyon of Arizona 113 

Crater Lake 115 

Yellowstone National Park 116 

Educational Opportunities of Oakland, A. C. Barker 119 

University of California 123. 

Alameda County Schools 127 

San Francisco: Financial, Commercial, Industrial 128 

Index to Advertisers r 130 

Publicity Section 131 



PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 

Cover design in color, Italian Tower, Palace of Education. 

Map of Bay Region (inside front cover). Page 

Frontispiece, The Liberty Bell 6 

David Starr Jordan 7 

Hiram W. Johnson 9 

Charles C. Moore 10 

Durand W. Springer 17 

Irwin Shepard 18 

Benjamin Ide Wheeler 24 

Edward Hyatt 27 

Members State Board of Education, Superintendent of Public 

Instruction and Commissioners 31 

County Superintendents of Schools 34 and 35 

City Superintendents of Schools 36 

Normal School Presidents 37 

E. Morris Cox 42 

Members California Council of Education 40 and 41 

Mariposa County Institute 44 

Frank L. Crone 48 

Edwin Markham 51 

Charles Frederick Holder 54 

W. G. Scott 59 

Henry Meade Bland 62 

James A. Barr 76 

Alvin E. Pope 63 

W. G. Egilbert 77 

Photographic Reproductions of the Panama-Pacific International 

Exposition — 

Tower of Jewels 66 

Tower of Jewels, Night Illumination 67 

Arch of the Setting Sun, Court of the Universe 68 

Inside the Court of the Four Seasons 69 

Palace of Education, Italian Tower and Court of Palms 70 

Palace of Education, Great Dome 71 

Looking Across the Fine Arts Lagoon at the Palace of Education.. 72 

Palace of Horticulture 73 

Main North Portal, Palace of Transportation 74 

California Building 75 

California Booth, Palace of Education 86 

California Building, Panama-California Exposition 98 

Science and Education Building, Panama-California Exposition 99 

Three Brothers, Yosemite Valley 100 

Half Dome, Yosemite Valley 102 

Aeroplane View, Yosemite Valley 104 

Fallen Monarch, the Big Trees 106 

Grizzly Giant, the Big Trees 109 

Lake Tahoe 110 

Panoramic View, Grand Canyon of Arizona 112 

The Colorado River, Grand Canyon of Arizona 114 

Riverside Geyser, Yellowstone National Park 117 

Oakland Commercial Club, Delegates to Salt Lake City 118 

A. C. Barker 119 

University of California, Library 123 

University of California, group of buildings 124 

Alameda County Schools 126 

Mission Dolores 129 

Panama Canal Zone (inside back cover). 

Outside cover design in color, seal Panama-California Exposition. 




THE LIBERTY BELL 

Since its first important ringing in 1753, in protest against the issuance 
by Great Britain of Provincial Money, the Liberty Bell has been the symbol 
of Democracy. Good Citizenship and Freedom under law. Its second ringing, 
July 8, 1776, announced the Proclamation of the Declaration of Independence. 
Cast in London in 1752, it 'was again cast in Philadelphia the following year. 
The crack appeared July 8, 1853, when tolling to announce the removal of 
the body of United States Chief Justice Marshall from Philadelphia. 

The bell was honored everywhere on its recent trip to the Exposition. 
It now hangs in the Pennsylvania Building on the Exposition Grounds. It is 
made of bronze, is three feet in'height, weighs 2,080 pounds, and cost $300.00. 



WELCOME TO CALIFORNIA 



By David Starr Jordan 

President of the N. E. A. 




T 



HIS is a word of wel- 
come to the teachers of 
the United States, from 
the teachers of California. 

We love California because 
California first loved us. If 
you stay in California long- 
enough you will understand 
what that means. It means 
that in California every day is 
a day of joy of one kind or 
another. California is to the 
rest of the United States what 
June is to the rest of the year. 
It is the spring-time of our 
republic. It stands for enjoy- 
ment of life and of all life 
signifies. 

The three attributes of Cal- 
ifornia are its climate, its scenery, its elbow-room. 

As to the climate, California has but two seasons, — Spring 
and Fall. Spring from October to June, Autumn the rest of the 
year. "Half a year of clouds and flowers, half a year of dust 
and sky." In your stay in California, you will see only the 
azure half, for spring-time has drawn back into the mountains. 
But with your clarified imaginations you shall fancy the rest. 
You may see in your mind's eye the autumn rains which "dash 
the whole long slope with color" and start up again the optim- 
ism of the Spring. 

In California the climate is never our enemy. We do not 
have to shut it out with double walls, nor scorch it or stew it 
with the remorseless base-burner of the suffering East. The 
house is used to keep our books in. If it grows cold in the 
winter, go out of doors to keep warm. That is the California 
way and one soon gets used to it. "A monotonous climate" 
some have called it, but it is "like the monotony of good health." 



Just as there is not a single commonplace day in the full 
rounded California year, so there is not a monotonous mile in 
the long range of her plains and seas and mountains. The high 
Sierras do not shrink from comparison with the Alps. The 
highest point, Alt. Whitney, is only 200 feet lower than Mont 
Blanc, and there are forty peaks as high as the Jungfrau. They 
have no hotels — only a blanket under the stars, but that, with a 
burro, is all you need. They have more color than the Alps, 
giant trees, swift waterfalls, and though less picturesque in a 
white and green way, they are far more friendly. There is 
one side open to the climber — the west — while the east side of 
every mountains riots in unfathomable precipices. 

Then California is still the land of elbow-room, ller two 
great cities are a bit crowded, for they hold the melting-pots. 
But outside, the men grow like the oak trees, each as it may 
and with wide-spreading branches. 

The}- say that Californians are hospitable. They are more 
than that and more than tolerant. They enjoy life in the full, 
and that demands giving enjoyment to others. They give and 
take, never concealing their opinions and never asking or expeel 
ing concealment from others. That is the highest tact — to rise 
about all need of it. 

Finally, as teachers, you will be most interested in our 
schools. You will find that the pressure of higher education is 
greater in California than anywhere else in the world. And the 
pressure for knowledge is felt all along the line. The rural 
school is seen at its best in California, for this out-door land is 
very kind to children. And from the rural school grows the 
County High School, which has possibilities in a land of sun- 
shine which dwellers in realms of mud, frost and blizzard can 
hardly understand. Then there are our City High Schools, our 
professional schools, and all the rest which cannot go into this 
enumeration. 

And as our Spanish predecessors said : "These are all yours," 
our house is yours, our horses, our automobiles, our service, 
our hearts. It is yours, for the time at least to own California. 
And may you learn to love her as she has first loved us ! 



j£iecuti\>e department 

£>tate of California 



California offers her most cordial greetings 
to the National Education Association. We 
feel that it is a singular honor to have 
assembled within our State a body which has 
become so vital a factor in the progress of 
our country. It is our earnest hope that 
those attending the convention will find 
their visit to California profitable and 



enjoyable. 



yfi[A-*^yrt ( <rfm-vL4*n^ 



Governor. 




PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION- 
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WORLD 

Charles C. Moore, President 




T 



O the delegates of the 
fifty-third annual con- 
vention of the National 
Education Association and 
their friends, the management 
of the Panama-Pacific Inter- 
national Exposition extends a 
most cordial welcome. 

You have come to the Uni- 
versity of the World. Here, 
for your delectation and in- 
struction, the great nations 
have contributed the sum of 
their achievements in the arts 
and industries — the world's 
best efforts in recent years. 

There is no association with 
whose purpose a world's expo- 
sition holds more in common 
than that great organization which centralizes the educational 
impulses of the country, the National Education Association. 
The purpose of a universal exposition is to bring into the homes 
of the people and into the lives of those who seek knowledge a 
deeper appreciation of the world's achievements in art and archi- 
tecture, in industry, in sociology, in methods and principles of 
education ; to present, indeed, a cross-section of human achieve- 
ment. A visit to a world's exposition which represents the con- 
structive elements of civilization, is an education not only of the 
intellect, but of the heart and of the humanities. 

In extending a cordial welcome to you, our honored guests, 
delegates of the National Education Association, and the assur- 
ance of their deep and lasting appreciation of your presence in 
California, coming as you have through the wonderland of west- 
ern America, my fellow directors of the Panama-Pacific Interna- 
tional Exposition join with me in expressing the hope that upon 
your return to your homes r you will advise your friends of what 
you have seen, that they too may enjoy this Exposition, the 
worthy contribution of many states and nations. 



MESSAGES FROM PAST PRESIDENTS 

At a late hour, the Past Presidents of the Association were 
asked to send statements or greetings to the teachers of the Na- 
tion. Eighteen of our Past Presidents are now living. Contribu- 
tions from several of these arrived too late to be included. 

Of those whose messages appear today, Aaron Gove was 
President of the first California meeting at San Francisco in 
1888; Charles R. Skinner presided at the Milwaukee meeting in 
1897; O. T. Corson at Charleston in 1900; William H. Maxwell 
at Ashbury Park and Ocean Grove, 1905 ; Nathan C. Schaeffer at 
Los Angeles in 1907; Carroll G. Pearse, Chicago, 1912; Joseph 
Swain, St. Paul, 1914. 

Of the other living Presidents, there are: Thomas W. Bick- 
nt 11. Madison, 1884; Nicholas Murray Butler, Denver, 1895; 
Newton C. Dougherty, Buffalo, 1896; lames M. Green, Detroit, 
1901 ; Charles W. Eliot, Boston, 19C3; John W. Cook, St. Louis. 
1904; Edwin G. Cooley, Cleveland, 1908; Lorenzo D. Harvey, 
Denver, 1909; James Y. Joyner, Boston, 1910; Ella Flagg 
Young, San Francisco. 1911; Edward T. Fairchild, Salt Lake 
City, 1913. 

A more illustrious group of men and women are to be found 
nowhere in the United States or in the world. It is such men 
and women and a teaching body from which others of like merit 
may be chosen, that has made the N. E. A. the most important 
educational body in the world. — Editor. 



Arthur H. Chamberlain, Director N. E. A. : Dear Sir — ■ 
The first Coast meeting in 1888 was one of the great ones. 
A membership of 7,213 was present. San Francisco en masse 
received and greeted and entertained its guests as only that 
hospitable city has the head, heart and ability to accomplish. 
The names of many active participants in that meeting now 
of fraternal and precious memories eminent in the history of 
the construction of our country's educational foundations are 
no longer on our roll. 

Swett, Hoitt, Campbell, Anderson, Denman, O'Connor, Harris, 
Sheldon, Marble, Canfield, Hewett, Stevenson, Greenwood, Sol- 
dan, Rounds, Pickard, Richards, Sprague, Woodward, Peabody, 
Hancock and others are gone, but their spirits remain, adding 
wisdom and power to our councils, in which must be initiated 
plans for the further advancement of educational methods and 
practices. AARON GOVE. 



11 



Albany, N. Y., July 28, 1915. 
Arthur H. Chamberlain, San Francisco, Cal. : 

To thorough grounding in the three r's, acid Spelling, Gram- 
mar, History, Geography, Intelligent Citizenship. The object 
is public education. We must remove inflexible rules govern- 
ing examinations, and make them attractive and practical, not 
nightmares. The man or woman possessing the true spirit of 
the teacher, a love for children, and patience and sympathy, 
should be drawn into the profession. Children should be pro- 
tected, not driven away by technical regulations. Educational 
leaders have great opportunity for desirable reform. 

CHARLES SKINNER. 



Dear Mr. Chamberlain : 

All who have ever experienced the joy of a California wel- 
come and enjoyed the rare treat of California's hospitality long 
to repeat such experience and enjoyment. Thousands of teachers, 
therefore, are looking forward to the coming meeting of the 
National Education Association in Oakland with delightful antic- 
ipations of the pleasure and profit which they know, by experi- 
ence, is in store for them. 

Thousands of teachers who have not yet seen California, but 
who have heard much of the beauty of its scenery, the com- 
forts of its climate and the generosity of its people, are look- 
ing forward to a realization of their hopes some time to visit 
the Land of Flowers and Sunshine, and enlarge their vision of 
life, by means of a journey to the Pacific Coast. 

A trip to California is always a delightful experience, and 
under ordinary circumstances makes a large contribution to the 
education of anyone. This year, however, it will mean more 
than ever before, because such a trip makes possible attend- 
ance upon the sessions of the greatest Educational Convention 
ever held, and also a visit to the greatest Exposition in our 
history. 

It is a matter of congratulation, therefore, that the teachers 
of America are privileged to meet once more in the State of 
California under such favorable conditions, and attend a great 
International Education Association. 

Very sincerely yours, 

O. T. CORSON. 

12 



Dear Mr. Chamberlain : 

Your letter of July 16th asking for a letter to the N. E. A. 
has been forwarded to me here, where I am trying to pick up a 
little health and strength after the first serious illness of my life. 
The nervous breakdown which I have suffered has for the 
moment greatly reduced my energy. You will, therefore, I am 
sure, excuse me if I content myself with wishing the members 
of the N. E. A. the most successful meeting at Oakland 
that body has ever held. Most gratefully I remember how you 
and the other California members helped to make the Ashbury 
Park meeting, where I had the honor to be President, a success. 
It is one of the great regrets incident to my illness that I cannot 
work with you for the success of the Oakland meeting. 

Very truly yours, 

WM. H. MAXWELL, 
City Superintendent of New York. 



Dear Friend : 

For the fifth time the National Education Association will 
hold its mid-summer meeting on the Pacific Coast. The first 
of these meetings was held in San Francisco. Nothing was too 
good for the visiting teachers from the East. Every one re- 
turned from that visit with the profound conviction that educa- 
tion had a great future in that Western land of promise. The 
hopes of those days have been more than realized in the school 
systems and higher institutions of learning in California, Oregon 
and Washington. 

The second of these meetings was held at Los Angeles. At 
that meeting the things of the mind and the higher life received 
special emphasis. The hopes and aspirations of the educators 
at that meeting have since found expression in the public 
schools of all sections of the United States. 

The third meeting was likewise held at Los Angeles. When 
the railroads of the East refused to offer satisfactory rates, the 
railroads and the metropolis of Southern California came to the 
rescue and gave the N. E. A. the third largest enrollment which 
the Association had been able to secure up to that date. 

At that time the second Peace Conference at The Hague 
was in session. At Jamestown, on the Atlantic Coast, the 
greatest naval display the world had ever seen occurred in 

13 



connection with the Exposition, which in that year was held 
to commemorate the first settlement of Virginia. The N. E. A. 
for the first time in its history passed resolutions in favor of 
the teaching" of history from the Peace point of view. The 
friends of peace fondly hoped that arbitral justice might take 
the place of war in the settlement of international disputes. 
The fifth meeting will have to lace the failure of these hopes 
through the most terrible war of modern times. The effort to 
stampede the public schools into the adoption of military drill 
will without doubt, be made under the plea of necessary prep- 
aration for National defense. 

The last California meeting was at San Francisco. 

Fortunately, this year's President of the X. E. A. is a Cali- 
fornia Educator whose voice and pen have ever been against 
militarism in all its forms. David Starr Jordan, let us fondly 
hope, will be a powerful advocate of preparation for peace 
rather than war, as well as of safe and sane methods ni National 
defense. If we must have a citizen army, let us follow the 
example of the Swiss Republic, which postpones drill with mus 
kets until the youth has attained a physical development beyond 
the high school period, usually until the age of twenty has 
been reached. 1 congratulate the people ^i the Pacific Coast 
on their great Exposition ami on the prospect of another epoch 
making session of the National Education Association. 

With best wishes, 1 am, very sincerely, 

NATHAN C. SCHAEFFER, 



The National Education Association, now entered upon its 
second half-century, is serving more completely than at any 
time in its history the need of all who are engaged in the work 
of American education. Special organizations for the meeting 
and interchange of ideas and experiences among those filling 
particular parts of our educational field are useful and will 
continue to prosper, but the N. E. A. brings together into a 
great meeting and sets before a common platform the teachers, 
their leaders, their employers and their constituents. The edu- 
cational problems of most concern to the Nation are discussed. 
The school people get the inspiration which comes from con- 
tact with their leaders and with each other. No other educa- 
tional organization serves or can serve such a vital important 
purpose. CARROLL GARDNER PEARSE. 

14 



Carmel-by-the-Sea, Cal., July 27, 1915. 
Arthur H. Chamberlain, Director N. E. A. for California: 

Dear Friend — Your letter of July 16th has just reached me 
after going to Swarthmore, Pa., and back. It is like California 
to publish a little book for each member of the N. E. A. To 
me a return to California is a home-coming. Twenty-four years 
ago I was one of the Pioneer Faculty of Stanford University. 
For two years I thoroughly enjoyed my work there and became 
a Californian in spirit and in truth. Nothing would have taken 
me away except the call of my own State and Alma Mater, for 
Mrs. Swain and I were supremely happy in this State. While 
I have several times returned to California, I am especially glad 
to return in this year of the great Panama Exposition, and when 
we honor that great American, as well as Californian, David 
Starr Jordan as President of the N. E. A. All the arrangements 
for the great series of Educational Congresses under the auspices 
of the N. E. A. seem to be the best possible, the programs are 
superior ones, the attendance will undoubtedly be large, and in 
a word, everything points to a great California meeting in 1915. 
From past experiences I know that the generous hospitality of 
California will be at her best, and that all the great gathering 
of the teachers of the N. E. A. will return to their homes sound- 
ing the praises of California, and with new inspiration for their 
work. 

As one of the committee in charge of the Education Con- 
gress, I wish to express my great appreciation of the foresight 
and wisdom of the managers of the Panama Exposition in mak- 
ing education such a prominent feature both in the Exposition 
itself and in the magnificent series of educational congresses. 

To the members of the N. E. A. who have so recently hon- 
ored me as your President, I wish to congratulate you in the 
opportunities spread out before you, and as an old Californian 
bid you cordial welcome. I have the honor to be 

Very sincerely yours, 

JOSEPH SWAIN, 
President Swarthmore College. 



15 



NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION OF THE 
UNITED STATES 

Offices for 1914-1915 
David Starr Jordan. President, Stanford University, Cal. 
Durand W. Springer, Secretary, Ann Arbor. Mich. 
Grace M. Shepherd. Treasurer. Boise, Idaho. 

Board of Trustees 
Carroll G. Pearse, Chairman. Milwaukee. Wis. 
James Y. Joyner, Secretary, Raleigh, X. C. 
Robert J. Aley, Orono, Me. 
*James M. Greenwood, Kansas City, Mo. 
David Starr Jordan. Stanford University, Cal. 

Executive Committee. 
David Starr Jordan. President, Stanford University, Cal. 
Joseph Swain. First Vice-President, Swarthmore, Pa. 
Grace M. Shepherd. Treasurer, P>oise, Idaho. 
Carroll G. Pearse, Chairman Board of Trustees. Milwaukee, Wis. 
George B. Cook, Member by Election, Little Rock, Ark. 



Durand \Y. Springer, Secretary. Ann Arbor, Mich. 



♦Deceased 
16 



THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 




T 



By Durand W. Springer, Secretary 

III'. National Education 
Association is the larg- 
est organization and 
contains within its member- 
ship representatives of all 
phases of educational activity 
from the kindergarten to the 
university — teachers, adminis- 
trators, school board members, 
librarians, school patrons and 
bookmen — in fact all classes of 
persons who are in any way 
interested in the various edu- 
cational problems of the day. 

Its annual Volume of Pro- 
ceedings contains papers and 
discussions covering a wider 
range of educational thought 
than are to be found in any 
other publication. 
Through the reports of its various committees on educational 
investigations it has exercised a most effective influence in shap- 
ing the educational policies of this country. 

It holds two meetings a year, and brings to the different 
sections of the country as speakers on the programs of those 
meetings larger groups of educational leaders than does any 
other organization. 

It deserves the hearty support of every teacher who believes 
in the doctrine that teaching is a profession worthy of the best 
effort of every person rather than a mere occupation, temporary 
in character and one to be escaped as quickly as possible. 

With "Service" as the central thought of the Panama-Pacific 
International Exposition, it is appropriate that the meeting this 
year should be held where the members can secure that inspira- 
tion in viewing the artistic setting of the Exposition and study- 
ing the practical exhibits, which will give them a desire to make 
the coming years the most serviceable for the boys and girls in 
their respective schools. 



17 




A 



THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 

By Irwin Shepard 

Former Secretary 

N historical retrospect 
of the growth of the 
public schools of our 

country discloses the noblest 
and most patriotic aims and 
efforts oi its citizens. The 
early absence oi governmental 
organization, support and con- 
trol of these schools created a 
demand and an opportunity 
for initiative on the part of 
teachers and citizens in organ- 
izing as well as supporting 
public education. It was earl) 
realized that this could be ac- 
complished best, and indeed 
only, by the voluntary associa 
tion of the teachers and citi 
zens especially interested. The 
honor of being the oldest 
organization for tins purpose belongs to the American Institute 
of Instruction which was formed in Boston, Mass.. in August, 
1830, as a Xew England association. Then followed a period 
ot activity in organizing state teachers' associations, until four 
teen such associations had been formed before 1857. Other 
associations for the same purpose were also formed but did not 
prove to be permanent. 

The need for a teachers' organization of a national character 
was generally felt. In 1857 a call for such an organization 
appeared, which call was proposed by T. \V. Valentine, Presi 
dent of the State Teachers' Association of New York, and was 
written and issued by Daniel B. Hagar, President of the Massa 
chusetts State Teachers' Association, after securing the signa- 
tures of the presidents of the state teachers' association-, of 
Missouri, New Hampshire, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Vermont, 
Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois. In response to this call a meeting 
was held in Philadelphia, Pa., August 26, 1857; a constitution 
adopted and the organization of "The National Teachers' Asso 



18 



ciation" perfected, with forty-three members. This association 
has continued its great work for fifty-eight years. Its name was 
changed in 1871 to "The National Educational Association," 
and in 1886 it was incorporated under the laws of the District 
of Columbia. In 1906 it was reincorporated by special act of 
Congress as "The National Education Association of the United 
States." 

During the fifty-eight years there have been held fifty-three 
annual conventions in thirty-two different cities, located in 
twenty-two different States. This wide distribution of meetings 
certainly confirms the national purpose and character of the 
association. The average annual enrollment during the first 
twenty-seven years, in which twenty-three conventions were 
held, was but 230; the largest number in any year being 380. 
In 1884. at the convention held at Madison, Wis., the annual 
membership rose to 2,729, and has steadily increased from that 
time. During the seven years from 1884 to 1890, inclusive, the 
annual membership averaged 4,048. During the next ten years, 
1891 to 1900, inclusive, the average was 7,817. From 1901 to 
1910, inclusive, the average membership rose to 15,086. and has 
continued at an average of 15.132 during the past four years. 

For the twenty-three convention years before the Madison 
meeting in 1884 the revenue from memberships was not suffi- 
cient to pay the cost of publishing and distributing the annual 
volume of proceedings through which it was the declared pur- 
pose "to distribute to all the accumulated experiences of all." 
The loyal members of those years accordingly contributed, in 
addition to their annual membership fees, sufficient to secure 
the publication of the annual volumes. These volumes, before 
1884, are, therefore, testimonials to the generosity and devotion 
of the limited number of members of those years. With 1884 
all debts and deficiencies were paid off and a surplus of $3,400 
set apart as the beginning of a Permanent (invested) Fund, 
which has grown by accumulations of thirty years to $190,000. 
This has been possible because of the continued devotion of 
the members and the economy of administration. This devo- 
tion is illustrated by a fact worthy of note that no member of 
the association appointed to speak at any convention, even 
though it might necessitate a journey across the continent, has 
ever asked or received payment for his services, or even the 
expenses of travel and subsistence. Hence the Permanent Fund 

19 



may appropriately be regarded as a monument to the gener- 
osity of the active loyal members who have for so many years 
freely contributed their services to the annual meetings, which 
have become the greatest and most valuable educational con- 
ventions in the world. 

In the year 1892, when the financial integrity of the associa- 
tion had become assured, a new and most important policy was 
inaugurated by the appointment of a Committee of Investiga- 
tion, with an appropriation of $2,500 for its necessary expenses. 
This committee, which was named "The Committee of Ten on 
Secondary Education" called to its aid nine other committees 
of ten each and made an exceedingly valuable report in 1893 — 
a report which is still in active demand. Then followed the 
"Committee of Fifteen on Elementary Education"; the "Com- 
mittee of Twelve on Rural Schools"; and the "Committee on 
Salaries, Tenure and Pensions of Teachers," whose great report, 
compiled with the co-operation of the U. S. Bureau of Labor, 
was issued in 1895 in a pamphlet of 458 pages. This policy of 
endowing committees of investigation has gone forward as 
extensively each year as the available funds would justify. At 
the present time there are twelve committees of investigation at 
work under the authority of the General Association and sixteen 
under the authority of the several departments. These com- 
mittees, however, have not all received appropriations for ex- 
penses. In this way the association has still further, in addi- 
tion to its extensive and valuable convention proceedings, real- 
ized the declared purpose of its organization, as expressed in the 
language of the original call in 1857, viz: "to promote the 
educational welfare by concentrating the wisdom and power of 
numerous minds and by distributing to all the accumulated 
experiences of all." 

It was to this motto and to the spiritual character of the 
work of the association, that our honored and revered member, 
Doctor William T. Harris, referred so beautifully in an address 
in 1891, in which he said: "Spiritual giving is not a giving 
which diminishes the supply of the giver. Fie who, in the 
papers and discussions of this association, has expounded his 
own experiences and reflections has, in the act, helped himself 
first of all to see more clearly than before the true lessons of 
life." I believe it is true, as may be seen from the volumes 
themselves, that no one of our many devoted members has ever 

20 



contributed so extensively, and so richly, to the spiritual life of 
the association as Doctor Harris, himself. And so this great 
association has been built up by the spiritual, more even than 
by the material, contributions of its many loyal and devoted 
members, who have represented every State in our Union, and 
several foreign countries. 

In this connection the generous and valuable services of the 
Educational Press, numbering 150 or more publications, should 
be recognized. These journals have, throughout the history of 
the Association, especially during the years of greatest growth, 
rendered loyal and effective service in many ways ; always with- 
out asking or receiving any compensation therefor. This service 
has been of a value beyond computation and has always merited 
and received the highest and most grateful appreciation of all 
officers and members. 

One of the most important achievements of the association 
has been in proposing and securing the creation of the United 
States Bureau of Education by act of Congress. This Bureau 
was first proposed at the third convention which was held in 
Washington, D. C, in 1859. It was further discussed at later 
conventions and the desired action by the Congress was secured 
in March, 1867, chiefly through the persistent efforts of leading 
members of the association, assisted especially by Hon. James 
A. Garfield, who was at that time a member of the House 
of Representatives. This Bureau of Education has ever been 
the chief co-operative organization of the association. This 
co-operation and generous helpfulness has steadily increased 
and was never more important and effective than at the present 
time, especially in all of the arrangements for the approaching 
International Congress of Education to be held in Oakland in 
connection with the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. 
It is worthy of note that an International Congress of Educa- 
tion was held, in connection with the World's Columbian 
Exposition at Chicago in 1893, under the auspices of a Commit- 
tee of the Association co-operating with the Bureau of Educa- 
tion. The papers and discussions of that Congress were pub- 
lished by the association as the annual volume for that year and 
is one of the most valuable of the series. This volume shows 
that forty-three foreign educators contributed to the proceed- 
ings of that Congress representing fifteen foreign countries. 

The most important change in the internal organization of 

21 



the association occurred in 1895 when the active, permanent, 
voting membership was created In constitutional amendment. 
The number of these members has reached something more 
than seven thousand and is steadily increasing. This member- 
ship has given the association a permanency of character and 
administration which could hardly be secured in the days when 
the associate members present at any convention were entitled 
to vote on administrative questions. 

The actual growth of the association is best measured by 
the addition, in 1870, of four subordinate departments, viz.: 
School Superintendence, Normal Schools, Elementary Educa 
tion and Higher Education, and the further extension in subse 
quent years until now there are eighteen such departments 
working under the general direction and control of the main 
association and representing every important national educa 
tional interest. In addition to these departments, there was 
created in 1880 "The National Council of Education," composed 
of a limited number of elected members. The purpose of this 
Council has been to establish in the association and its depart 
ments the highest standards for investigation, discussion, and 
formulation of educational principles. Its work has been 
increasingly valuable and helpful. 

One of the helpful and inspiring features of the association's 
history has been the delightful and generous hospitality with 
[which the members were received by the citizens of the various 
states and cities in which the annual conventions have been held. 
In this respect no state has ever excelled the State of California. 
The first time we ever met west of the Missouri River was in 
San Francisco in 1888. It is impossible in a brief sketch to 
describe the reception and characteristic welcome with which 
we were greeted by the citizens of San Francisco and the entire 
state. It is well illustrated by the fact that there was a registra- 
tion of 4,278 members from California alone. Our second Cali- 
fornia convention was held at Los Angeles in 1899, at which 
meeting the same royal welcome throughout the state was ex 
tended, while 4,357 members registered from California. The 
association later selected California as the appropriate state in 
which to hold the Fiftieth Anniversary Convention in 1906. All 
arrangements for that meeting at San Francisco had been com- 
pleted, when the great fire came to that city and made it impos- 
sible to hold a convention that year. The Fiftieth Anniversary 

22 



Meeting was adjourned until 1907 and was held in Los Angeles, 
at which convention 17,324 members were enrolled, including 
6,384 members from California alone. In 1911 the association 
again met in San Francisco with an enrollment of 18,587, of 
which 6,961 were from California. It is therefore not surprising 
that the association welcomed the call to hold its fifth California 
Convention in directive connection with an International Con- 
gress of Education in the city of Oakland in 1915. 

It is impossible in a brief sketch to describe adequately the 
extensive and important work for the organization and uplift of 
national educational interests accomplished by this association 
through the noble, unselfish, spiritual services of the loyal and 
devoted members. It is anticipated that new and still more 
useful era of service will be inaugurated, as its members meet in 
the greal Congress to be held in Oakland, California, near the 
< iolden Gate : 

"Where the autumn and the spring times are by equal glory 

graced ; 
Where the winters are the summers that Dame Nature has 

misplaced ; 
Where every moment is a note in an eternal song, 
I hat sings adown our poppied fields through all the seasons 

long; 
Where roses with the lillies vie through every fragrant day 
And Heaven seems so very nigh it can't be far away; 
Where rinse lo man on either hand are mountains or the sea; 
Well! this is California, and — it's good for you and me." 



23 



THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PANAMA CANAL 

By Benjamin Ide Wheeler 
President, University of California 




T 



HE Canal is open. It 
was begun with right- 
eous promptitude, built 
under suppression of graft and 
yellow fever, and opened on 
time and on equal terms to all 
nations. Had there not been a 
considerable exercise of the 
promptitude, particularly in se- 
curing right of way, the Canal 
would not have yet been be- 
gun ; had it not been for army 
engineering and army sanita- 
tion, no man knows when the 
work would have been com- 
pleted; and, had it not been 
for the repeal of the tolls-ex- 
emption act, we should have 
had various and ever-recurring 
reason to wish that we had never tried to build a canal at all. 
The Canal and its building are a distinguished credit to our 
government, and it even looks as if its administration would 
shortly become such. In fact, it may well be that the building 
and operation of the Canal will give the world the best concrete 
assurance on the largest scale yet offered, that democracy is 
able to avail itself of the best expert service, and set upon itself 
the restraint necessary to such use. If so, we shall have co 
reckon this by-product among the chief benefits of the Canal. 
The whole work bears a good name for its "politics", — or rela- 
tive lack thereof; and its beginning, its carrying out, and its 
ending bear witness severally to the firmness and wisdom of 
three successive administrations, to each of which, as far as the 
Canal is concerned, the American people, in spite of its wont, 
can afford to be ungrudgingly thankful. 

It is evident that the Canal will have, — must have — with the 
process of the years, an overwhelming influence in readjusting 
the conditions of human life upon the globe. There are four 
connections in which the canal opening will be immediately 
felt: 



1. The eastern and western coasts of the United States will 
be drawn closer together. They have been wide apart. Their 
interests are different. They do not understand each other. 
Closer relations will, however, show how admirably they sup- 
plement each other. The West yields the raw materials of 
industry and foodstuffs. The East is industrial. Interchange 
with the development of interdependence will make their very 
differences a source of union. 

2. The west coast of North America will be made accessi- 
ble to the world. All through the ages of man on the globe the 
Pacific has been a waste and neglected area. In our geog- 
raphies the world maps always begin and end within it ; the 
Pacific is as good as never in the middle of the map. It is so 
with the days; they end somewhere in the Pacific, and then 
begin all over again with new number and dress before they 
land in Asia. 

Everyone who has looked out onto the Pacific from the 
beaches and bluffs of California must have felt it a lonesome 
ocean. And California with its vast plains and scant population 
often seems a lonesome land. Though evidently created for 
the special use of humans, it has had to wait long for humans 
to come and find it. It lies far off under the sunset, a blessed 
island pent up between twelve hundred miles of mountains and 
desert on the one side and five thousand miles of barren sea on 
the other. 

The narrow Pacific Coast strip of North America which 
California's position represents has been hitherto about the most 
isolated part of the usable world. Chile was much more acces- 
sible to ships from Europe. Ships which continued their voyage 
to San Francisco had not only to cover seventy degrees of lati- 
tude, but must traverse westward the equivalent of the width 
of the United States; for Valparaiso is in the longitude of New 
York, not that of San Francisco. 

Immigrants from Europe, who formerly had to add a long 
and uncomfortable transcontinental journey to their sea journey, 
will now be set down directly upon the pier of San Francisco, 
and at a cost, including food, not more than eight dollars 
greater than the fare to New York. 

The density of population in California is fifteen ; that of the 
entire strip of western countries from Alaska to Chile is seven. 
Across the way China has 275, Japan 350. If we allow one- 
half of California's area for mountains and give the remainder a 
density equal to that of Rhod» Island, the population of the 



State would be forty millions. There is evidently some colossal 
leveling-up to be done. Twenty-five years of free influx from 
Europe will abate the Oriental peril, at least for the present. 

3. The states and peoples of South America are to be drawn 
decisively nearer to us. Not only are the people of the west 
coast brought into intimate relations with Atlantic States of 
North America, but northern and eastern South America will 
open an entirely new connection with the Pacific States. More 
than ever is it clear that there is a Pan-American entity. All 
the Pan-American states have a common interest as regards 
European entanglements. All must unite on a common basis in 
administering it and defending it. We have no longer occasion 
to assert for the purpose any exclusive or unique position. 

4. Japan and our Pacific Coast are drawn more closely to- 
gether into a common area of trade and intercourse. Each will 
have to know what is going on with the other. Japan's great- 
circle route to Panama on her shortest way into the Atlantic 
passes the Golden Gate only a hundred miles out. Japan is no 
longer an occasional neighbor. We must make up our minds 
to settle down and live in the same world, even if not in the 
same country, with the Japanese. Our misunderstandings must 
be frankly met and boldly and fully stated, — not glossed over 
with formal smiles. We and our sons and our sons' sons will 
have to know them and deal with them. We must get their 
point of view and understand their case. It is the only way. 
We cannot ignore them; they are in our world, and very much 
in it. We have no hope in violence. Wars settle nothing, — not 
even who is strongest. 

The cutting of the Canal is the avenging of Columbus. 
When he started across the seas he was seeking, not America, 
but the Old Orient of India and China, and their gold and 
spices. The heart of men had always yearned unto the East 
and its riches. There was nothing new in the object of Colum- 
bus' search. All that was new was the direction. Columbus 
went west. Judged in terms of its original purpose, his voyage 
was a total failure. He started straight for Asia, but ran upon 
the long, broad dyke of land we now call the Americas. It 
has cost more than four centuries for him and those who 
swarmed after him to traverse and conquer the hindering dyke 
which rose in his path and forbade him Asia. The opening of 
the Canal is the first cutting of the dyke, the avenging of 
Columbus, the end of the four-century halt, the resumption of 
the advance toward the Orient. 



THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 




C 



By Edward Hyatt 
Superintendent of Public Instruction 

ALIFORNIA has a very 
complete and well or- 
ganized state depart- 
ment of education. It is built 
upon a uniform plan with the 
county educational organiza 
tions, and was established over 
thirty years ago by the adop 
tion of our Constitution. The 
lather of the idea was appar- 
ently that venerable sage of 
our public school system, John 
Swett, who was the state su 
perintendent during the forma 
the period. 

The underlying idea rs a 
combination of an appointive 
board of education, represent- 
ing centralized power, and an 
elective superintendent repre 
senting the people directly. Thus in the county, the county 
board of education is appointed by the chief executive power of 
the county, the board of supervisors, and the county superin- 
tendent is selected directly by the people at the general election. 
The superintendent is the secretary and executive officer of 
the board. 

Similarly for the state there is a State Board of Education, 
appointed by the Governor, as the chief executive of the state, 
and a Superintendent of Public Instruction chosen directly by 
the people at the general election, who is the secretary and 
executive officer of the Board. It is the theory of the law that 
these two different powers shall be a mutual check and safe- 
guard, each upon the other, and that each shall prevent the 
other from going very far wrong. 

Some educators insist that this divides power and is a bad 
thing, in that it hampers complete authority in any one power 
and makes possibility for dissensions and conflicts. Up to date, 
however, the state has gone on the theory that in a govern- 



ment of the people it is unsafe and unwise to put complete 
authority into the hands of any merely human being; and a 
trial of thirty years of actual practice in both county and state 
seems to show that sincerity and mutual consideration on the 
part of these tw r o balanced powers will result in safe, harmo- 
nious and effective action. 

The state educational organization then, consists of the State 
Board of Education and the Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion, together with their various deputies, assistants and em- 
ployes, hereinafter described. The members of the Board are 
seven in number and they are appointed for four year terms. 
At the present writing they consist of the following individuals : 
The president is Wm. H. Langdon, a farmer of Modesto, E. P. 
Clarke is an editor of Riverside, Mrs. Agnes Ray is a housewife 
and public spirited citizen of Oakland, Marshall DeMotte is a 
fruit grower of Corning, Mrs. O. Shepard Barnum is a citizen 
of Alhambra, interested in social and educational progress, 
Charles A. Whitmore is an editor of Visalia, and George W. 
Stone is a former mayor of Santa Cruz. The Board is given 
an appropriation of $32,000 per year by the legislature to pro- 
vide for remuneration ($15 per day during meetings), traveling 
expenses, salaries of commissioners, expert assistants, clerks, 
stenographers, and other necessary employes, together with fur- 
niture, contingent expenses, office equipmeut, supplies and the 
like. The superintendent of public instruction is ex-officio the 
secretary and executive officer of the Board, as has been stated. 
The Board appoints three assistants to the superintendent, who 
are designated as commissioners of elementary schools, sec- 
ondary schools, and vocational education, each with a salary of 
$4,000 per annum, with traveling expenses paid. The Board 
also appoints a force of clerks and stenographers sufficient to 
do its necessary work. The Board at times sits as a Retirement 
Salary Fund Board, to administer the receipts and expenditures 
of the Teachers' Retirement Salaries, sometimes wrongly called 
teachers' pensions. This involves a business of a quarter of a 
million dollars per year. Collections of one dollar per month 
are made from each working teacher, which, added to five per 
cent, of the Collateral Inheritance Tax, makes up the resources. 
The liabilities are a salary of $500 per year to each teacher who 
has applied for retirement upon completing a thirty-year teach- 
ing period. There are 340 names on the list of annuitants at 
the present time, making the yearly outgo about $150,000. 



The chief functions of the Board are : 

(1) To compile or adopt and to publish textbooks for 
the elementary schools. 

(2) To issue life diplomas and to prescribe the general 
conditions for granting high school and special certificates. 

(3) To study the educational needs of the state, make 
plans for improving the schools, conduct educational investi- 
gations, and recommend changes in legislation. 

Thus it will be seen that this lay Board has large discre- 
tionary powers, and that it is admirably adapted to initiate and 
carry out important enterprises based upon the investigations 
and recommendations of its expert assistants. 

Closely associated with and related to this Board is the 
office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Super- 
intendent receives the same salary as other state officers, $5,000 
per year, and he is given under the law a deputy, a statistician, 
a stenographer, a bookkeeper, and a clerk. His budget for sala- 
ries, contingent expenses and printing approaches $30 ; 000 per 
year, of which the largest item is $12,000 for public printing. 
Besides being the executive officer of the Board he is specifically 
invested with the following functions by the law : 

(1) To visit and superintend the schools of the state. 

(2) To apportion the school funds. 

(3) To print and distribute the blanks, books, forms and 
laws needed by the schools. 

(4) To distribute textbooks to the elementary schools. 
A new element and an important one in the department is 

the presence of the three commissioners of education. They 
constitute a mobile force of expert assistants, for going about 
the state at a moment's notice where help is needed, for inquir- 
ing into educational conditions in the field, for investigating 
textbooks, for attending school gatherings, for speaking and 
writing upon educational topics, for digesting the facts which 
they gather upon their rounds, and for serving as the circulat- 
ing, vitalizing medium between the formal state department at 
the capital and the actual school officers at work in the field. 
They occupy ground midway between the two elements of the 
department, and tie them together. Probably their two great- 
est opportunities for real service are in school architecture, 
touching the vital physical conditions of the children and state 
textbooks, affecting their intellectual and moral natures. 

29 



This is sufficient to give a birdseye view of the mechanics 
of California's state educational department at the present time. 
Its spiritual aspirations and activities cannot be measured here. 
Il has been organized upon a liberal and generous scale charac- 
teristic of the Golden State. The legislature of 1913 doubled 
the personnel and the expenditure of the department. This 
generous increase imposes an added responsibility upon every 
individual connected with the enterprise, the responsibility for 
"making good." Their only excuse or reason for being is to 
improve the opportunity of the children out in the schools. The 
test of the work of all these persons, all this expenditure, lies in 
the answer to this question: does it actually result in any 
better teaching by the 14,000 instructors of the state? Does it 
result in better opportunity for life for the 400,000 children in 
the public schools of the state? This must ever be the basis of 
judgment, as it must ever be the basic test for every one who 
in any way serves the cause of the public schools. 



STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 

William II. I.angdon, President Modesto 

Mrs. ( ). Shepard Barnum, Vice President \.lhambra 

E. P. ( larke Riverside 

Marshall I )e Motte Corning 

.\h>. Agnes Kay < lakland 

( reorge W. Stone Santa Cruz 

Charles A. Whitmore Visalia 

I'M ward Hyatt, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
Sacramento 

Margaret E. Schallenbergcr, Commissioner of Elementan 
Schools, Sacramento. 

Will C. Wood, Commissioner of Secondary Schools, Sacramento. 

Edwin R. Snyder, Commissioner of Vocational and Industrial 

Education, Sacramento. 



30 







Will C Wood 
E. P. Clarke, 
(has. A. Whitmore 
Mrs. 0. Shepard 
Barnum 



Edward Hyatt 
Miss Margaret 

Schallenberger 
William II. Langdon 



Edwin R. Snyder 
Marshall De Motte 
Mrs. Agnes Ray 
George W. Stone 



County Superintendents of Schools 



County 



Alameda* 

Alpine 

Amador 

Butte 

Calaveras 

Colusa 

Contra Costa* . . . 

Del Norte 

El Dorado 

Fresno** 

Glenn 

I Cumboldt 

Imperial 

Inyo 

Kern 

Kings 

Lake 

Lassen 

Los Angeles* i .-. . 

Madera 

Marin 

Mariposa 

Mendocino 

Merced 

Modoc 

Mono 

Monterey 

N;ip;i 

Nevada 

Orange* 

Placer 

Plumas 

Riverside* 

Sacramento 

San Benito 

San Bernardino*! 

San Diego* 

San Francisco* . . 

San Joaquin 

San Luis Obispo. 

San Mateo 

Santa Barbara*.. 

Santa Clara 

Santa Cruz 

Shasta 

Sierra 

Siskiyou 

Solano 

Sonoma 

Stanislaus 

Sutter 

Tehama* 

Trinity 

Tulare* 

Tuolumne 

Ventura* 

Yolo 

Yuba 



Name 



Geo. W. Frick 

Mrs. Josephine Vallem... 

W. H. Greenhalgh 

Mrs. Pearle Rutherford.. 

Teresa Rivara 

Perle Sanderson 

Wm. H. Hanlon* 

Jos. M. Hamilton 

S. B. Wilson 

E. W. Lindsay* 

S. M. Chaney 

Geo. Underwood 

A. P. Shibley 

Mrs. M. A. Clarke** 

li. K. ( 'licnmvel h** 

J. E. Meadows 

Minerva Ferguson 

F. Brunhouse 

Mark Keppel 

Craig Cunningham 

Jas. B. Davidson 

John L. Dexter 

Mrs. Anna. Porterfleld*. . . 

Margaret Sheehy** 

Mrs. Nettie B. Harris.... 

Mrs. A. M. Hays 

Geo. Schultzberg* 

Lena A. Jackson * 

R. J. Fitzgerald 

R. P. Mitchell 

I i-ciio I :tirns:|: 

Mrs. Kate L. Donnelley*. 

Raymond Cree 

Carolyne M. Webb* 

W. J. Cagney 

Mrs. Grace C. Stanley. . . . 

John F. West* 

Alfred Roncovieri 

John W. Anderson 

W. S. Wight* 

Roy W. Cloud 

Mamie V. Lehner* 

D. T. Bateman 

Champ S. Price 

Mrs. C. Cunningham 

Belle Alexander* 

W. H. Parker 

Dan H. White 

Florence M. Barnes 

Frank Bacon 

Lizzie Vagedes* 

Mamie B. Lang 

Maude I. Schroter* 

J. F. Buckman* 

G. P. Morgan 

Jas. E. Reynolds* 

Harriett S. Lee 

Jennie Ma.laley* 



Address 



Oakla nd 

. .Sheridan, Nev. 

lackson 

Oroville 

. . . . San Andreas 

Colusa 

Martinez 

. . ..Crescent City 

Placerville 

Fresno 

Willows 

Eureka 

El Centro 

Bishop 

Bakersfleld 

Hanford 

Lakeport 

Susanville 

. . . . Los Angeles 

Madera 

San Rafael 

Mariposa 

Ukiah 

Merced 

Alt 1 1 las 

I 'aii Igepi ill 

Salinas 

Napa 

. . . . Nevada Citj 

Santa Ana 

Auburn 

Quiney 

Riverside 

. . . . Sacramento 

Hollister 

, San Bernardino 

San Diego 

. . San Francisco 
Stockton 

San Luis Obispo 
. . . Redwood City 

. Santa Barbara 

San Jose 

Santa Cruz 

Redding 

. . . . Downieville 

Treka 

Fairfield 

Santa Rosa 

Modesto 

Yuba City 

Red Bluff 

. . . . Weaverville 

Visalia 

Sonora 

Ventura 

Woodland 

Marysville 



County Superintendents are Secretaries of their respective County Boards of 
Education. 

♦Counties containing Kindergarten Schools. 
ICounties having appointive Superintendents. 
JPhotograph could not be secured. 
♦♦Photograph in Council Group. 



32 



City Superintendents of Schools 



City 



County 



Alameda Alameda . . 

Bakersfield Kern 

Berkeley Alameda . . . 

Chico ; Butte 

Eureka ' Humboldt . 

Fresno Fresno . ... 

Long- Beach Los Angeles 

Los Angeles Los Angeles 

Marysville Yuba 

Modesto Stanislaus . 

Oakland Alameda . . . 

Oroville Butte 

Palo Alto Santa Clara 

Pasadena Los Angeles 

Pomona Los Angeles 



Name of Superintendent 



jC. J. Du Four 

D. W. Nelson 

JM. C. James 

Chas. H. Camper 

tGeo. B. Albee 

C. C. Starr 

. .**W. L. Stephens 

JJ. H. Francis 

. . tWm. P. Cramsie 

Thos. Downey 

A. C. Barker 

H. P. Short 

J. C. Templeton 

**J. M. Rhodes 

. G. "Vernon Bennett 



Riverside . . 
Sacramento 
Monterey 



Richmond 
Riverside . 
Sacramento 
Salinas . . . 

San Bernardino San Bernardino 

San Diego San Diego 

San Jose I Santa Clara 

San Luis Obispo ' San Luis Obispo 

San Rafael Marin 

Santa Ana Orange 

Santa Barbara Santa Barbara . 

Santa Cruz Santa Cruz 

Santa Monica Los Angeles . . . 

Santa Rosa Sonoma 

Stockton San Joaquin . . . 

Tulare Tulare 

Vallejo Solano 

Ventura Ventura 



Contra Costa W. T. Helms 



JA. N. Wheelock 

**C. C. Hughes 

+L. E. Kilkenny 

F. W. Conrad 

**Duncan Mackinnon 

Alex Sheriffs 

A. H. Mabley 

JDavid R. Jones 

**J. A. Cranston 

JA. C. Olney 

i.J. W. Linscott 

Horace M. Rebok 

. %T. F. Brownscombe 
....Ansel S. Williams 

tW. T. "Walton 

G. V. Whaley 

A. L. Vincent 



State Normal School Presidents 



County 



Chico 

Fresno 

Humboldt .... 
Los Angeles . . 

San Diego 

San Francisco 

San Jose 

Santa Barbara 



Chico 

Fresno 

Areata 

Los Angeles . . . 

San Diego 

San Francisco 

San Jose 

Santa Barbara 



Name of President 



Allison Ware 

C. L. McLane 

N. B. Van Matre 

.Jessie F. Millspaugh 
. . . Edward F. Hardy 

Frederic Burk 

M. E. Dailey 

.Miss Ednah A. Rich 



JPhotograph could not be secured. 
**Photograph in Council Group. 

J. C. Templeton, Superintendent-Elect of Modesto. 
Walter H. Nichols, Superintendent-Elect of Palo Alto. 
R. B. Stover, Superintendent-Elect of San Bernardino. 



33 




COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS 
Jno, Anderson Frank A. Bacon Florence Barnes I). T. Bateman 

K. Brunhousc W. J. Cagney S. M. Chi y Mrs. M. A. Clarke 

Koy W. Cloud Raymond Cree, Charlotte Cunningham las. I). Davidson 

John L. Dexter Minerva Ferguson It. J. Fitzgerald Geo. W. Prick 

W. II. Grecnhalgh Nellie li. Harris Jos. M. Hamilton Alice M. Hays 



34 




COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS 



Mark Keppel 


Mamie B. Lamr 


Harriet S. Lee 


J. Meadows 


H. P.' Mitchell 


<j. P. Morgan'! 


W. 11. Parker 


Champ Price 


'feres? Kivara 


Alfred Konrovieri 


Perle Rutherford 


Perle Sanderson 


\. P. Shibley 


Grace C. Stanley 


',(•0. Underwood 


Mrs. Josephine Vallern 


Dan If.. While 






S. B. Wilson 



35 




GROUP OF CITY SUPERINTENDENTS 



A. C. Barker 


G. Vernon Bennett 


Chas. H. Camper 


F. W. Conrad 


Thos. Downey 


Walter T. Helms,' 


A. H.fMabley 


D. W. Nelson 


Walter H. Nichols 


Horace M. ftebok 


Alex Sheriffs 


H. P. Short 


Chas. C. Starr 


R. B. Stover 


J. C. Templeton 


Ansel S. Williams 


G. V. Whaley 






A. L. Vincent 



36 




CALIFORNIA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL PRESIDENTS 



Frederic Burk 
('. L. McLane 
N, B. Van Malre 



M. E. Dailey 
Jesse F. MillspaiiKh 



Edward L. Hardy 
Miss Ednah A. Rich 
Allison Ware 



37 



CALIFORNIA TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION 
CALIFORNIA COUNCIL OF EDUCATION 



President, E. MORRIS COX, City Hall, Oakland 
Secretary. ARTHUR II. CHAMBERLAIN, Monadnock Bldg., San Francisco 

BOARD OF DIRECTORS 

E. Morris Cox, President 
A. J. Cloud, San Francisco Miss Edith Hodgkins, Los Angeles 

C II. CovelLj Redlands Miss Anna Keefe, Oakland 

J. A. Cranston, Santa Ana E \V. Lindsay*, Fresno 

Mrs. S. M. Dorsey, Los Angeles II. G. Rawlins, Willows 



BAY SECTION, CALIFORNIA TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION 

President, A. J. Cloud, San Francisco 
Secretary, W. L. Glascock*, San Mateo 

Representatives in Council of Education 
L. B. Avery, Oakland; F. K. Barthel, San Francisco; A. J. Cloud, San 
Francisco; Minnie Coulter*, Santa Rosa; E. Morris Cox, Oakland; W. L. 
Glascock*, San Mateo; Anna ECeefe, Oakland; C. J. D.u Four*, Alameda; 
Alexis F. Langc, Berkeley; J. W. Linscott*, Santa Cruz; Elizabeth Sherman, 
Oakland. 



CENTRAL SECTION, CALIFORNIA TEACHERS* ASSOCIATION 

President, Craig Cunningham, Madera 
Secretary, E. W. Lindsay*, Fresno 

Representatives in Council of Education 
Lawrence Chenoweth, Bakersfield ; Craig Cunningham, Madera; W. D. 
Bannister, Lemoore; E. W. Lindsay*, Fresno; Margaret Sheehy, Merced. 



{Photographs could not be secured. 

38 



NORTHERN SECTION, CALIFORNIA TEACHERS' 
ASSOCIATION 

President, Ralph W. Camper, Williams 
Secretary, H. G. RAWLINS, Willows 

Representatives in Council of Education 
Ralph W. Camper, Williams; Chas. C. Hughes, Sacramento; II. G. Raw- 
lins, Willows; Allison Ware, Chico. 



SOUTHERN SECTION, CALIFORNIA TEACHERS' 
ASSOCIATION 

President, C. H. Covki.l, Redlands 
Secretary, J. O. Cko P dena 

Representatives in Council of Education 
H. J. Baldwin, San Diego; Carrie Coddington, San Bernardino; L. E. 
Cooley, El Centre; J. A. Cranston, Santa Ana; C. If. Covell, Redlands; J. O. 
Cross, Pasadena; Mrs. S. M. Dorsey, Los Angeles; J. 11. Francis*, Lo-, An- 
geles; Edith M. Hodgkins, Los Angeles; Bi >sie Jack-on, Pasadena; Cora E. 
Lamb, Los Angeles; Duncan Mackinnon, San Diego; If. II. McCutchan, 
Long Beach; Emily Pryort, South Pasadena; J. E. Reynolds*, Ventura; J. II. 
Rhodes, Pasadena; W. L. Stephens, Long Beach; W. W. Trittt, Los Angeh ; 
A. X. Wheelock, Riverside. 



SIERRA EDUCATIONAL NEWS 
The Official Organ of the California Teachers' Association 

ARTHUR HENRY CHAMBERLAIN, 

Secy, of the Council, Editor 

Contributing Editors 
Bay Section — D. R. Jones, San Rafael 
Central Section — Miss Fannie Rosendahl, Fresno 
Northern Section — J. D. Sweeney, Red Bluff 
Southern Section — Miss Caroline Harris, Los Angeles 

Advisory Editorial Board 

Dr. R. G. Boone, Chairman; W. D. Banni-ter, Minnie Coulter, 

Chas. C. Hughes, W. L. Stephens 

Auditing Committee 
F. K. Barthel, San Francisco C. J. Du Four, Alameda 

^Photographs could not be secured. 

39 




MEMBERS COUNCIL OF EDUCATION 



E. Morris Cox 

F. K. Barllicl 
Carrie Coddington 
Jerome 0. Cross 



Lewis B. Avery 
Ralph W. Camper 
L. E. Cooley , 



Hugh J. Baldwin 
Law renceE.Chenowelh 
C. II. Covell 



vV. I). Bannister 
A. J. Cloud 
J. A. Cranston 
Craig Cunningham 



40 




f - 


^T&f- 


%/% 


fr - 


'? , 





MEMBERS COUNCIL OF EDUCATION 



Mrs. Susan M. Dorsey 
Anna Kcefe 
II. II. McCutchan 
Elizabeth Sherman 



Edith M. Ilodtikins ('has. C. Hughes Elizabeth Jackson 

Cora K. Lamb Alexis K. Lange Duncan Mackinnon 

II. G. Rawlins Jeremiah M. Rhodes Margaret Sheehy 

W. L. Stephens Allison Ware 



41 



CALIFORNIA COUNCIL OF EDUCATION 



By E. Morris Cox, President 




T 



HE present form of 
organization of the 
California Teachers' 
Association has been in opera- 
tion since January, 1910. Two 
years' previous a resolution 
was adopted in the organiza- 
tion then known as the Cali- 
fornia Teachers' Association, 
calling for the appointment of 
a committee to consider the 
advisability of reorganizing the 
teachers' organizations in a 
manner that might more fully 
represent the whole State, 
bring closer unity and co-oper- 
ation, and provide means for 
more effectively accomplishing 
the will of the organizations. 
A year later this committee, of 
which Mr. James A. Barr was Chairman, made a report which 
outlined at length many proposed departures. This report was 
adopted unanimously. The following are the recommendations 
made in that report : 

1. "That the incoming president of the California Teachers' 
Association be requested to call a meeting of the presidents and 
secretaries of the various teachers' organizations for the earliest 
possible date in January. 

2. That at this meeting at least three matters be considered, 
viz. : (a) A concert of action on matters of common interest for 
the year 1909; (b) Plans for affiliation; (c) School legislation. 

3. That the president of the California Teachers' Association 
be requested to arrange for a joint conference, not later than 
July of each year, with the presidents and secretaries of the 
various departments to harmonize programs, avoid duplication 
of work and secure the active co-operation of each department in 
general plans of the association and of affiliated organizations. 

4. That the Board of Directors of the California Teachers' 
Association be urged at once to consider the feasibility of estab- 
lishing a high-class educational monthly journal, with the hope 
that such journal may have sufficient merit as to fully warrant 



42 



the State Board of Education in designating it as the official 
organ of the Department of Public Instruction. 

5. That the Board of Directors be urged to appoint at the 
earliest possible moment a permanent salaried secretary, capable 
of directing the affairs of the association and of editing any 
journal that may be established." 

A salaried secretary was employed immediately and a month 
later an official journal — The Sierra Educational News — was 
issued. In April, 1909, the presidents of the various associa- 
tions in the State agreed upon a plan for the affiliation of these 
organizations in a State Council of Education. Their proposal 
of the duties and purposes of the Council reads as follows: 

1. "This council shall be a permanent committee on legisla- 
tion to represent the educational interests of the members of 
the associations. 

2. It shall have authority to establish and support an official 
means of communication with the members of the associations. 

3. It shall have power to deliberate on educational ques- 
tions, policies and reforms, and to make recommendations re- 
garding the same. 

4. It shall have power to take action upon all questions 
referred to it by the associations. 

5. It shall have power to choose its own officials and define 
their duties." 

This proposed plan was submitted to the various organiza- 
tions at their annual meetings during the year 1909 and was 
ratified by each one so that in December of that year a tem- 
porary organization of the new Council was effected and plans 
made for the annual meeting in April following, at which time 
the permanent organization of the present Council of Education 
was perfected. At this meeting a committee was appointed to 
draft by-laws and articles of incorporation. These were com- 
pleted and adopted the following October. At the first meeting 
this statement of the need of an official journal was adopted : 

"We regard a means of communication as indispensable to 
any effective plan of affiliation. We believe that a monthly 
journal is necessary for the dissemination of educational doc- 
trines and for the proper support of these doctrines. We 
believe that an effective co-operation of the teaching body of 
California with its representatives in this Council demands such 
a means of communication." 

For five years the California Council of Education has had a 
permanent secretary and an official journal. For five years this 
Council with its secretary and journal has been attempting to 

43 



fulfill the purposes for which il was established. The member 
ship in the affiliated bodies has increased in thai time from 
6,000 to 10,000 members. The News has gone to each member 
ten times in the year. The Council has taken an active part in 
legislation. During these five years many important matters oi 
school legislation in which the Council took the initiative have 
keen enacted. The present tenure law was the first. The reor 
ganization of the State Board oi Education, apportionment of 
school funds upon attendance of pupils, teachers' retirement 
salary law, local district taxation and amendment of certification 
laws are among the most important of the enactments which 
have had an active Council support, 'fhe objectionable pro 
posals that the Council has helped to defeat are of no less im- 
portance, ddiis is a very brief review oi the Council's work. 
Whether the results have justified the organization of the State 
Council no doubt will he interpreted differently according to the 
views oi the interpreter as to the meaning and importance of 
"In organization there is strength." 




MARIPOSA COUNTY INSTITUTE 

John L. Dexter, Superintendent 

A Next-to-Nature Institute, Held in the Yosemite Valley 



44 



THE CALIFORNIA COUNTY LIBRARY SYSTEM 
By Charles S. Greene, Librarian, Oakland Free Library 

Tl I E library takes itself very seriously these days. It has 
thrown off the hampering traditions that confined it to 
cither end of its wide field. It is neither the cloistered 
retreat of the bookworm, nor the purveyor of the lightesl of 
fiction for those to read who have nothing else to do. It claims 
to be an integral part of public education. Its work is not so 
intensive, perhaps, as that of the school, but so much more 
extensive that it claims to be universal, having a duty toward 
every member of the community it serves, and all through the 
lifetime of every member. 

Jts methods differ from those of the school chiefly in this: 
The school commands attendance and compels attention to its 
t' achings; the truant officer and the ferrule enforce these things. 
The library must entice and persuade; for the idea of com- 
pulsory library membership would be an absurdity. The over- 
coming of this very handicap — if it be one — has been the cause 
of the library's progress — it has had to make itself attractive 
first, and then so useful as to become indispensable. If this 
be true in municipalities, as it has proven, much more is it true 
in rural districts where means of instruction outside of books 
are fewer. 

Universal and complete library service — this is the ideal 
that the library leaders of California set themselves. To attain 
an approach to it two methods were obvious. There was the 
method of creating a library in every township, which has been 
done in Eastern States as Ma-sachusetts. But this method was 
evidently unsuited to California. Generations would p 
before this solution could become measurably applied, and when 
applied it would not be satisfactory. Jn a unit so small in tax- 
able values the income realizable for library purposes would be- 
so little that nothing like professional library service could be 
employed and no adequate supply of books could be main- 
tained. 

The second method of reaching all the people is that of the 
traveling library system, by which a central agency sends cir- 
culating cases of books wherever a small group of people ask 
for such service. In California the central agency best able to 
undertake this scheme is the State Library, which since its liber- 

45 



ation from narrow laws in 1901, lias had the duties of a library 
commission. A full and fair trial was made for several years. 
By that time 278 traveling libraries were in service, and the bill 
for freight and express was climbing so fast that it became 
evident that long before any true success in covering the Slate 
could be had, the system would break down under its own 
weight, because of its unwieldly size. 

But if the township was too small and the State too large, 
the clear conclusion was that the intermediate unit, the county, 
was the proper one for the purpose. County libraries there were 
in several states, and laws permitting them, usually framed to 
suit some particular library. To Mr. James L. Gillis, Stair 
Librarian, is due the credit for the discovery that the county 
library, elsewhere sporadic, could be made into a system to 
cover a state. It was tried out in Sacramento County by con- 
tract with the Sacramento City Library in 1908, without much 
color of law, but it worked so well that the Legislature in 1909 
passed a law authorizing the establishment of county libraries. 
Defects in this law were corrected in 1911 by the next Legis- 
lature, and since that time growth has been rapid. 

The most efficient cause in this expansion has been the well- 
directed effort of the State Library, acting in its capacity of a 
Library Commission and through its able organizers. These 
organizers had been all over the State, helping in the establish- 
ment of municipal libraries until such libraries were in opera- 
tion in practicallv every town large enough to maintain real 
library service. Turning their attention to the counties, the 
State Library organizers preached the new gospel of the county 
library effectively and well. Most active of all has been Miss 
Harriet G. Eddy. A High School teacher at Elk Grove, in Sac- 
ramento county, she had been the custodian of the first deposit 
of county library books. Her good use of these books, her 
keen appreciation of the benefit the system brought to her, her 
enthusiasm in telling others the good news, made Mr. Gillis, 
always quick to see such chances, secure her services as the 
apostle of the county library. She has gone over the State, 
visiting supervisors, talking to clubs, granges, schools, churches, 
and groups of people wherever they would listen, explaining 
the law, showing the advantages of the system, and telling oi 
the satisfaction of all those who had established county 
libraries. 

46 



Seconding her now is Mrs. May Dexter Henshall, for some 
years Superintendent of Schools in Yolo County. Her mission 
is to aid in bringing the schools of the various counties into the 
same close and helpful relations with the county library that 
made Yolo county a pioneer in this matter. 

The law is too long to quote in full ; copies of it, as well as 
copies of other pamphlets on the County Library system, may 
be had by writing to the State Library at Sacramento. The 
chief merit of the law, perhaps, is its liberality. No Procrus- 
tean system is laid down, to which every county must conform, 
but the essentials are well guarded. Service must be rendered 
to the whole county; for no town not maintaining a library 
may stay out. There must be a skilled and tested head to the 
system ; for no one may be a county librarian who has not 
passed muster before a Board of Examiners, consisting of the 
State Librarian and the librarians of San Francisco and Los 
Angeles. This skilled librarian has the choice of subordinates 
and the selection of books, but boards of supervisors, holding 
the power of the purse in all matters except the librarian's 
salary, exercise a general control. 

A few counties where there were large libraries at the county 
seat, though not all such, have taken advantage of an alterna- 
tive provision which allows a county library to be established 
by contract with an existing library to serve as a county 
library. Towns in any county establishing a county library 
that already have libraries of their own may stay out of the 
system altogether, or may come in as parts of the county 
library, or may contract for partial service, or may come in and 
then go out again at will. The only requirement is that there 
shall be library service in the whole county. 

The counties that have adopted this system are given below. 
In this list San Francisco is omitted, because as a co-terminus 
city and county it has had a county library ever since 1878. 

Established 1908, Sacramento; 1910, Santa Barbara, San 
Joaquin, Fresno, Madera, Merced, Tulare, Yolo, Alameda and 
Kern Counties; 1911, Riverside and Stanislaus Counties; 1912, 
Imperial, San Diego, Kings, Santa Clara, Monterey, Los An- 
geles and San Mateo Counties; 1913, San Bernardino, Contra 
Costa, Butte and Inyo Counties; 1914, Solano, Glenn and Hum- 
boldt Counties; 1915, Ventura, Siskiyou, Colusa, San Luis 
Obispo and Modoc Counties. 

47 



THE PHILIPPINE PUBLIC SCHOOLS— SOME SALIENT 

FEATURES 

Frank L. Crone 
Director of Education for the Philippine Islands 




T 



O understand and ap- 
preciate even the most 
striking features of the 
Philippine public school sys- 
tem, it is necessary first to 
know a few Philippine facts. 

Discovered by Magellan in 
1521, the Islands have enjoyed 
a European civilization for 
more than three hundred years. 
The Filipinos are Malays, and 
Christians, the only Christian 
people in the Far East. Their 
3000 islands have an area as 
large as that of the New Eng- 
land States and New York 
combined, and support 8,000,- 
000 people. There arc about 
40,000 Chinese, 8,000 Ameri- 
can civilians, and several thou- 
sand Spaniards and other foreigners. English has been the 
language of instruction in the public schools since 1899 and is 
the official language today ; it is much more widely understood 
than Spanish. As their mother tongue the Filipinos speak 
numerous dialects of the Malay language. The cost of the 
Philippine schools, and of the entire Government for that mat- 
ter, is paid by the Filipinos themselves. The system now 
embraces 4200 schools in all parts of the Islands, with an enroll- 
ment of 600,000, and employs 530 American teachers and nearly 
10,000 Filipino teachers. 

In the Philippines we believe that public schools exist for the 
purpose of giving to each and every citizen an education which 
will fit him for the freest, happiest and most efficient life possi- 
ble in the sphere to which his activities will probably be con- 
fined. It is this understanding of what the public schools should 
be that has guided the Philippine authorities in establishing a 



48 



school system adapted to economic, social and political needs. 

The big general fact in the entire organization is the cen- 
tralized control which the Director of Education exercises and 
which gives effectiveness to the school program. Fifteen years 
of experiment have produced a balanced curriculum which is 
uniform throughout the islands, with three phases: academic 
instruction, industrial work and physical training; each of these 
lines is essential to the progress of the pupil in his school work, 
and no pupil is advanced without successfully accomplishing 
the part assigned to him in each. 

The subjects which make up the academic studies have been 
arrived at through experiment and careful study of Philippine 
needs. They are taken up from the Philippine viewpoint. 
Absolutely all of the instruction is in the English language from 
grade one through the eleven years which complete the high 
school course-. Most of the textbooks have been written for 
Filipino children, and they are the same in all public schools. 

The industrial program is based upon the economic condi- 
tions which obtain in the Philippines. The aim is first of all 
towards improvement in the standards of living, and then 
towards industrial and commercial development upon a very 
large scale. From the lowest grades up there is a differentiation 
in the work for boys and girls. After providing the boys with 
the industrial fundamentals for earning a livelihood and the girls 
with instruction in homemaking, the big industrial task is to 
teach household industries which will provide an income — 
embroidery, lacemaking, basketry and the numerous other handi- 
crafts, — to extend then from the school to the home, and to 
control along business lines the industries thus established. 

In physical training the school efforts have resulted in one 
of the most comprehensive recreation and athletic movements 
in history. More than 95% of all pupils enrolled in the schools 
engage in some form of physical training, playground, social 
and group games, and a highly organized system of competitive 
games such as baseball and track and field events. Far from 
being confined to the schools alone, this movement reaches all 
classes of the population, and will be a most important factor 
in molding the character of the rising generation. 

The social conditions which exist in the Islands have made 
it necessary to group the eleven years of school work in three 
periods — four years of primary, three years of intermediate, and 

49 



four years of high school work. The courses of study for each 
of these groups have been so adjusted thai the end of each 
period finds something definite accomplished, and the pupil ma) 
in advantage drop oul at the end of the primary or intermediate, 
if he must. Mos1 pupils will never gel more than the four years 
mI the primary work; hence the instruction in hygiene and 
sanitation, training for citizenship, lessons in good manners and 
righl conduct, and the special industrial foundations for boys 
and girls. In the intermediate courses, vocational specialization 
is begun, to lit the pupil for earning a livelihood at the end of 
thai course. In the secondary, the pupil may continue Ids voca 
tional work or lay the foundations for a profession. 

Another salient fact in the Philippine public school system 

is the campaign for adequate school buildings and sites, a cam 
paign which is rapidly establishing standard permanent school 
buildings throughout the islands on sites which provide ade- 
quately lor gardening, playground and other Philippine school 
essentials. The minimum site is 1 ' | acres lor rural schools. 
The extent of this present school system must he empha 

sized; the 4200 schools reach the farthest islands, the remotest 

mountain settlements. At thi' present time some 600,000 
children enter school each year. 

The progress of public school work in the Philippines and 

the number oi things to be accomplished in instructing an entire 
community have led to activity far beyond the held oi educa 
tion proper, and indeed into a big work oi social economy; the 
public welfare movement with its social centers, health, hygiene, 
sanitation, settlement work, citizenship instruction, the great 
recreation movement, and many other features which make for 

social advance, have found a legitimate place in the school 
program. In this work the schools are becoming more and more 
a powerful influence. Good school buildings, extensive school 

sites, the efforts of thousands of teachers and hundreds of 
thousands of pupils are being used in improving the conditions 

generally. Many of the things the children learn in school an' 

SO be Communicated to their elders at home. 

The three principal features in this centralized system, arc 

that physical training is making for a better and stronger race, 
industrial and Vocational guidance is providing for high home 

' standards and for commercial advantage, and the academic- in 
' sTruc'lion is ihe instrument of a great intellectual awakening. 



! 



50 



MY LINCOLN POEM 




A 



By Edwin Markham 

BRAHAM LINCOLN 

is one of my heroes — 
not because he was a 
President of the United States, 
but because he was a patriot 
of humanity — not because he- 
ruled the Republic, but be- 
cause he ruled his spirit. 

The heroic principle is only 
another name for the unselfish 
principle. Heroism is devo- 
tion to the Good. Every deed 
of kindness clone without 
thought of reward, is heroical. 
The heroes are not all on the 
battle-field. Those who walk 
the humble roads can be hero- 
ical as well as those who tread 
the highways of the world. 
The young Lincoln struggling on in his lonely log cabin in the 
wilderness was as heroical as when he stood for conscience in 
the council chambers of the nation. 

Xow that the cloud of Civil War has faded from the horizon. 
Abraham Lincoln and Robert E. Lee are seen by all of us to 
have been men of character, men who bravely followed the star 
of conscience. Of Lincoln it may be said that he is honored in 
the South as highly as in the North. Our southern people feel 
that his assassination was perhaps their greatesl misfortune; 
that after the war their hopes would have been safe in his gen- 
erous heart, their interests secure in his friendly hands. 

Always there must be lofty souls to keep alive the ideal 
principle in a nation. Lincoln was such a soul. He has become 
a lighted tower toward which the eyes of the people turn in 
their nobler moments. He has become our national ideal, con- 
tinually inspiring the manhood of the Republic. As an ideal he 
is a greater safeguard to the nation than all her battleships. 

It was with these emotions in my heart that I wrote my 
poem in honor of the great commoner. And at this point the 
Editor urges me to tell the circumstances of the writing. 



51 



Le1 me say. then (and say For the first time) that some in 
toon years ago, in New York City, 1 was invited to write a 
poem to be read at a banquet at Delmonico's, in commemoration 
of the Lincoln birthday. 1 took three weeks for the task. I\i\ 
after daw 1 wont into my study to ponder on the character and 
career of the martyr president. 1 waited on the Muse, but 
nothing was given me; my mind was empty of ideas. 

The days crept by until only three days and three nights 
remained; and suddenly I resolved to watch the nights away; 
and two nights wont by but the Muse remained as silenl as the 
Sphinx on the Lybian sands. And thus 1 entered upon the third 
and final nighl with not a word oi the poem written. As the 
dark hours wore away. 1 hold calmly to my purpose- resolute to 
win, yet strong enough to Fail. 

My pen was dipt and ready. The hand oi" the clock crepl on 
to the three in the morning, on to the first cock crow, to the 
hour when startled ghosts flee back to their dim retreats. Then 
a strange thing happened: in a Few brief moments the idea of 
the whole poem rushed upon me. The linos began to gathei in 
the mind, and soon the pen was flying happily over the pages. 
In two hours the poem was completed and ready For the read 
ing, ready as the rose of dawn was softening the oast. 

I append hereto the recently revised version oi the poem. 
It is dodioatod to the boys and girls oi America, with the hope 
that it will help a little to increase their love and reverence for 
the great friend of humanity. 

LINCOLN, THE MAN OF THE PEOPLE 
When the Norn Mother saw the Whirlwind Hour 
Createning and darkening as it hurried on. 
She left the Heaven of Heroes and came down 
To make a man to meet the mortal need. 
She took the tried clay of the common road, — 
Clay warm yet with the genial heat of earth — 
Dashed through it all a strain of prophecy. 
Tempered the heap with thrill of human tears. 
Then mixed a laughter with the serious stuff. 
Into the shape she breathed a flame to light 
That tender, tragic, ever-changing face. 
Here was a man to hold against the world, 
A man to match the mountains and the sea. 

52 



The ("lor of the ground was in him, the red earth, 

The smell and smack of elemental things: 

1 he rectitude and patience of the cliff; 

'I he goodwill of the rain that loves all leaves; 

The friendly Welcome of the Wayside Well; 

The courage of the bird that dares the sea; 

The gladness of the wind that shades the corn; 

J he pity of the snow that hides all stars; 

The tolerance and equity of light 

That gives as freely to the shrinking flower 

As to the great oak flaring to the wind — 

To the grave s low hill as to the Malterhorn 

I hat shoulders out the sky. 

Sprung from the West, 
The strength of virgin forests braced his mind. 
The hush of spacious prairies stilled his $oul. 
Up from log cabin to the Capitol, 
On fire was on his spirit, one resolve — 
7 o send the keen ax to the root of wrong, 
Clearing a free Way for the feet of Cod. 
And evermore he burned to do his deed 
With the fine stroke and gesture of a king: 
He built the rail-pile as he built the Slate, 
Pouring his splendid strength through every blow, 
The conscience of him testing every stroke, 
To make his deed the measure of a man. 

So came the Captain with the mighty heart; 
And when the judgment thunders split the house, 
Wrenching the rafters from their ancient rest, 
He held the ridgepole up and spiked again 
The rafters of the Home. He held his place — 
Held the long purpose like a growing tree — 
Held on through blame and faltered not at praise. 
And when he fell in whirlwind, he went down 
As when a lordly cedar, green with boughs, 
Goes down with a great shout upon the hills, 
And leaves a lonesome place against the sky. 



53 



LIFE IN THE OPEN IN CALIFORNIA 



By Charles Frederick Holder, LL.D., 

Throop College of Technology 
Author of "The Channel Islands of California," 
"Life in the Open in California," Etc. 




I 



N the modern system of 
Education, as found in 
schools, colleges and uni- 
versities, athletics, so-called, 
have a distinct place. It is 
assumed that to enable a man 
or woman, boy or girl to ac- 
quire the rudiments of educa- 
tion, a healthy, robust body is 
a fundamental requirement. 
With this in view, the environ 
ment of the school or college 
becomes ol prime importance 
and it is this feature to which 
the present writer would call 
attention in the State of Cali- 
fornia. 

I Musical health is the dom 
inant note of the day and 
possibly no where in the world 
have students as splendid a playground as in this State. Extend- 
ing along through many degrees of altitude, with every possible 
climate under the sun, except the extreme tropics, with physical 
conditions unequaled, vast mountain ranges, typical deserts, 
climatic conditions of rare perfection; great river systems, the 
broad Pacific along its shores; regions where the greatest fall 
of snow is recorded; others where the rustle of the palm fills 
the air with melody; — California is indeed a land of distractions, 
beauties and compensations, and may well be considered the 
playground not only of its own people, but of all America. 

California has the Sierra Nevadas as its spinal column and 
the fine Coast Range, as an outer guard. In these great moun- 
tain systems and their lakes, rivers, canyons and verdant laby- 
rinths, the Alpine climber finds the opportunity of a lifetime, at 
home. There are little hills for little people; big mountains for 



54 



the Sierra Club and what compensations await beyond the mere 
climb — the rarified atmosphere, the deep bine heavens and the 
Alpine flora. The Yosemite is the real gateway — a hollow of 
the hand of Infinity, with its pendulous falls. Here are forests 
that were old when Christ taught the Gospel of Peace and Good 
Will toward men. To the north we find the Yellowstone Park 
and in the Santa Cruz mountains, a part of the Coast Range, 
the splendid forests of the Sempervirens, the common redwood, 
the cousin of the giants of the Sequoia. 

The Sierra Nevada abounds in splendid lakes, as Tahoe, 
Klamath and others; crystals of azure in settings of emerald, 
abounding in sport to the lover of rod and reel; all lures to 
entice youth, men and women out of doors and keep them 
there. Walton has told us that there is no sport like angling 
for the philosopher or contemplative man, and it need not be 
surprising if California lays claim to the finest trout fishing in 
the world. Here is the home of the rainbow, the steel head, and 
the golden trout. Countless snow born streams rise in the 
High Sierras, and flow to the Sea. as the Kern. Merced, Santa 
Clara, San Gabriel, San Lorenzo, Klamath, Truckee, Sacra- 
mento and a thousand more; all abounding in trout of some 
kind and affording the finest of sport. The mountains of Cali- 
fornia abound in canyons, deep radiating gulches of radiant 
beauty, filled with trees, ferns, the fragrant bay trees of the 
West, and others. They mark the escape of the winter rains 
and form green channels which lead the waters to the distant 
sea, where the deep Plack Current of Japan flows along bearing 
powers of necromancy. All these canyons are, especially in 
Southern California, as the San Gabriel, Millards and the Arroyo 
Seco at Pasadena, natural parks luring the walker or lover of 
nature on and eternally on into the ranges of the bierra Madre, 
where the life is in the open without a single disturbing ele- 
ment. Even the seasons conspire to render this lure as fascinat- 
ing as possible, as the rain comes in the so-called winter, or 
from November to May. June, July, August, September, Octo- 
ber are practically rainless and with electric storms at rare 
intervals in the Southern Sierras and along the shore. In the 
winter the rain will amount to half the annual fall of that of 
New York or Boston perhaps, yet sufficient to cover the country 
with a field of the cloth of gold, the stamp of this strange 
winter, cool, crisp and strengthening; hence the lover of nature 

55 



has a land in which life in the open is always possible, and the 

mountains are always green; the canyons always tuneful arbors 

of verdure. 

The Southern Sierras rise abruptly from the land to peaks 
8.000 to 12,000 feet, the San Bernardino, San Jacinto, San Gor 
gonio, and in the north, peaks as Ml. Whitney and Shasta lend 
dignity and majesty to the landscape. In other places, as the 
San Gabriel Valley, the mountains go tumbling away to the sea 
in broken ranges, to end in sand dnnes which line the long 
reaches of the Coast or are lost in little lagunas that glisten in 
the sun along the shore. 

California shore lines are mostly sandy. In Southern tali 
fornia they are dotted with towns and long piers run out in the 
Pacific, not for commerce, but to aid in keeping Californians out 

ot doors. 1 recall one, on a long open coast, with the bine sea 
en guarde. At the entrance is a bunch of big bamboos. Yon 
select one, buy your bait and go out on the pier, that may be 
a mile or so long, ami join the angling throng. This is an 
angling pier and the oldest inhabitant could not remember a 
ship docked there, nor was that the intention. All along shore 
you may find anglers with these big rods fishing for suri fish, a 
toothsome dainty. From the shining sands, far away at sea, 
we catch glimpses south of Point Firmin, of mountain peaks. 
These are the tops of off shore Sierras which have been pushed 
Up out of the ocean back in the early Tertiary periods, and are 
famous playgrounds, hires to the weary, ami better known as 
the Channel Islands. Off Santa Barbara lies one group, famous 
in the days of Junipero Serra and the fine old missions that dot 
the shore along the Camino Real. Mere are the Santa Barbara 
Channel Islands, an offshore Sierra running east and west, 
separated by narow but deep channels: San Miguel, Santa Kosa, 
Santa Cruz and Ana Capa, all at one time, the home oi thou 
sands of natives whose kitchen middens are still to be seen. 

These islands are dominant factors in the out door lile ot the 
region, winter and summer. 

Drifting to the South, as we are now yachtsmen in imagina 
tion, we come one hundred and fifty miles or so south ol Santa 

Barbara to the Channel Islands of the Santa Catalina group. 

There are four: San Nicholas, famed for its Lost Woman, ovei 
100 miles at sea; Santa Barbara Rock of a few acres; Santa 
Catalina, sixty miles around, twenty two long and about twenty 

56 



miles from the mainland, and San Clemente, marly as larg< a 
Santa Catalina, twenty miles long and forty miles off Los 
Angeles. San Clemente is governmenl property and, all in all, 
tin- most extraordinary big game fish region known. Santa 

( atalina is the only one of the islands equipped with regular 
ocean steamers for transportation. It also has tin- town "i 
Avalon and a summer population of 7,000 or 8,000, with all the 
appurtenances of modern resorts without the garish Coney 
Island features. Santa Catalina is so essentially ;i feature in the 
out door life of California thai it deserves particular mention. 
Yon will notice in California thai the strong wesl wind (nol a 
trade) blows in (wery day, rising aboul ten and Stopping late in 
the afternoon. Santa (atalina is so ituated thai it has a lee, 
tin- north side (of twenty miles) often affording quiet, lake like 
waters, though thirty miles at sea. Fame came to it on accounl 
of the beauties "f Avalon Bay, its wealth of rare animal life, 

being the home of the Paper Nautilus, among others. Then the 
mighty Leaping Tuna makes its summer home here, amazing 
observers by its haps. Nowhere along any shore is there a 
better Camping ground, and in mid summer the Young Men' 

Christian Association will have its standard in one canyon, 
some school in another, and hundreds of people from the hot 
regions of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas are living here in a 
Canvas City beneath the fragranl leaves of the gianl Australian 

Eucalyptn-. 

Yon are thirty miles onl at sea, sheltered by the hills from 
tin strong wind ; you face the bay and the mainland. 'I hen will 
be no storms of any kind from May to November no rain, and 

the air is cool and delightful, f dwell on this, as here is char 
acteristic California)! life in the open al its best, by the Sea. 
There may be six thousand persons here. '| he two boats a day 
from Los Angeles bring and take twelve hundred, and hundreds 
come and go in yachts with which the little bay is filled, nol to 
speak of the fleet of glass-bottom boats employed to examine 
the beautiful kelpian forests that cover the slopes of this island 
mountain. 

Sea angling is the chief sport, llere is the Tuna Club with 
its fish museum of trophies, testing credulity, with gianl fishe 
taken with delicate tackle. I Ore anglers congregate from all 

over the- world and try conclusions with the greal Santa Cata 

Una swordfish, the eastern variety, the black sea bas of three 

57 



or i«»ur hundred pounds, the game yellowtail, twenty to forty 
pounds, the beautiful white sea bass of fifty pounds, and many 
more, all taken with rod and reel. 

The Tuna Club offers beautiful prizes for the largest fish 
with lightest tackle, the idea being to encourage fair play. This 
island is now a Fish Reservation and protected from netting of 
all sorts which has threatened it for years. Camping, automo 
biling, coaching, trail and mountain climbing, tennis, bathing 
and water polo arc a few of the sports and pastimes of this oil 
shore playground. The summer, as well as the winter, gives it 
a peculiar emphasis as an out of door land. 

When the East is blanketed with snow, thousands seek the 
Pacific Coast because they can spend every day of the winter 
out of doors. The State roads are a revelation. There are more 
motor ears in California than in any other state. Especially in 
the south, a network of line asphaltum roads cover the country 
from Cos Angeles to San Diego — up in the San Bernardino 
mountains, in the range back of San Diego, in the valleys along 
shore. Even at Santa Catalina there is one of the finest motor 
roads in the country, from Avalon to I lowlands, twenty or 
thirty miles over the mountains and overlooking the sea. 

Everywhere from Burlingame, near San Rrancisco, to Corn 
nado, One finds Country Clubs, which are centers of out door 
interests in winter: Santa Barbara, Pasadena — the latter has 
four, Altadena, Annandale, San Gabriel and Midwick — Los 
Angeles, Coronadb, Avalon, San Diego, Riverside, etc. Here 
golf and tennis rage, while at Burlingame, Pasadena, Riverside, 
Santa Barbara and Coronado polo holds the held. 

Then there are great out of door festivities. Chief among 
them is the Pasadena Tournament of Roses, when thousands 
gather to see the games and sports possible in California on 
lanuary first ; when the chariot races of old Rome are run, great 
football and polo teams contest, Spanish games are revived, the 
Sierra Madre, capped with snow, looking down on the valley of 
San Gabriel and its wealth of flowers, a land of the orange, 
lemon, olive and vine. It is this wonderful climate, this possi 
bility of life in the open in winter, that has brought five hun- 
dred thousand people from the hast and Middle West to Los 
Angeles in twenty years, and seen the cutting up of the great 
ranches of the north. It is the possibility of life here through 
the year, winter and summer, that has made all California a 
playground for all the people all the time. 



EL CAMINO SIERRA 

The Third Trunk Highway for California and Its Importance 

to the State 

By W. G. Scott 

Executive Secretary. Inyo Good Road Club; Chairman Division of National 

Parks, Member Council of National Advisors. National 

Highways Association. 

BR] EFLY e x p r e - - e d, 
California's highway sys- 
tem as provided by the 
Highway Act, consists of two 

main-trunk lines extending the 
length of the State from Ore- 
gon to Mexico. One is along 
the coast, the other approxi- 
mately parallel, east of the 
Coast Range, traversing the 
length of the great valleys in 
the interior. 

With these two trunk lines, 
the county seats of outlying 
counties are to be connected 
by lateral or branch highway-, 
which enter into and become a 
part of the general system. 
This plan for all that part 
of the State. lying west of the summit of the Sierra Nevada 
.Mountains seems adequate — but conditions are very dissimilar 
in that portion lying east of the Sierra Nevadas, which is a large 
and important part of the State, sometimes designated as Trans- 
Sierra California, consisting principally of Modoc, Lassen and 
Plumas counties in the north, and Alpine. Mono and Inyo 
counties in the eastern center — all bounded by Nevada on the 
east. 

There are many Californians in the great valleys and along 
the coast who are prone, either to regard the crest line of the 
Sierras as the eastern limit of the State, or to under-estimate 
the importance of that vast territory lying east of the Sierra 
Nevadas, yet inside the boundary of California. 

To afford a slight idea of the extent of territory in the six 
counties named, we will select a single county. Inyo, with an 




59 



area oi 10,01') square miles, within which you could pul the 
whole State <»i Massachusetts and slill have enough lefl Eor a 
fair-sized county, [nyo and Mono county nexl on the north 
combined, have an area of I3,()l n s<|iiare miles. While Belgium, 
with more Mian six million inhabitants and 2,900 miles of rail 
road, lias an area oi only 11,400 square miles. 

The county seats oi these live large and importanl Trans 
Sierra counties cannol be connected directly with the main 
trunk line of the valley because of the greal harrier of the Sierra 
Nevada Range from 12,000 to 14,000 feel in heighl which inter 
venes. The I'ii and Beck'worth Passes in the north are the 
most feasible routes for laterals to conned with the \ alley 
trunk line the county seats of Modoc, Lassen and Plumas 
counties, while the Sonora and Tioga I'asses farther south 
afford connection for the county seals of Alpine, Mono and 
[liyo counties. 

Bui there are other very important physical conditions which 

must be taken into the consideration Oi highway connection for 

Trans Sierra California. The eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada 
Range is precipitous with a notable absence of foothills, which 
admits of a highway along the east base of the Sierras from 
I ,os A.ngeles to Lake Tahoe thai has been formally christened 

El (annuo Sierra, and which for a long time has hcen an est ah 

lished route for travel through Kern, Inyo and Mono counties 
and the towns of Mojave, Lone Line, Independence, Big Tine, 
Bish( ip and Bridgep< u I 

From the last named town to Lake Tahoe, aboul seventy 

miles north, is a road authorized by the Stall' and nearly com 

pleted, through Markleeville and Woodfords in Alpine County. 

Lake Tahoe is the terminus of a Stale road from Sacrament o, 
hence Bridgeport, the county seal of Mono County, is joined to 
the Stale load system, which circumstance makes it a desirable 
poinl of connection for the road from the county seat of Inyo 
County, Independence, ahout 110 miles south. This laet has 

keen duly recognized by the Highway Commission and it now 

has a survey force in the field moving north from Independence 

towards Bridgeport, preliminary to work oi construction. 

I'd ('amino Sierra is intersected al Lit; Line by a trans 

continental highway from New York City the MidlandTrail. 
This greal cross-continenl route has hcen surveyed and mapped 

its entire length hv the American Automobile Association and 
60 



ii has been incorporated in a projected system of National 1 1 is 1 1 
ways, by the National Highways Association. At Mono Lake, 
El Camino Siena is intersected by the Tioga Pass Eiighway, 
lately acquired by the Federal Government. 

Willi the assistance of Los Angeles and Kern counties <»n 
the south and the further aid oi convid labor where necessary, 
ii is assured thai in the near inline the road known as El 
Camino Siena will be a boulevard the entire distance from Los 
Angeles to Lake Tahoe. This to-be world famous highway 
should be continued north from Tahoe through Truckee, Sierra 
ville, Quincy, Susanville and Alturas towards Lakeview, Ore 
gon. This would make a third main trunk line easl of the 
Sierras, affording much needed opportunity for communication 
between adjacenl counties and l»\ laterals through the passes 
named, connection with tin- main trunk valley system. In 
addition ii would permil direcl access from the easl i<> the 
proposed National Parks oi Mounl Shasta and Mounl Lassen 
the live American volcano, which now enables California t«> 
compete with Italy, and to Lake Tahoe, to the world famed 
\ (i semite and to the proposed, enlarged Sequoia Park farther 
south thai will surpass in magnitude anything ol the kind in 
either the old world or the new. 

Willi this accomplished, there would be made accessible an 
extensive area of the State hitherto neglected, where enormous 
resources promise rich reward for development. 

Astonishing as would be the local benefits, scarcely less sur 
prising would be the Slate growth and prosperity resulting from 
the myriad of tourists attracted by the magnificence of Shasta 
standing a1 the northland gate, the grim and weird Lassen 
helpless victim oi ,i hidden gianl in a destructive mood; beauti 
ful Tahoe, thai inland sea of liquid emerald whereon are 
mirrored the clouds <»i day and the stars oi night; Mono, the 

Dead Sea of the West, where the very desolation lends entrance 

nieiit to the scene; Yoseinite, thai masterpiece oi Creation; the 
Inyo Glaciers, and Mount Whitney nearesl the sky the mon 
arch of all the mountain kings the first In all of California to 
receive each morn the greeting oi the regal Sim and the last 
each nighl to receive his parting benediction. 

The foregoing is hut slighl suggestion of the importance of 
the highway with a hundred by ways, each by way with ;i hun 
dred wonders I'd Camino Sieri a, 



SUNRISE OVER THE SIERRAS 
By Henry Meade Bland 

/ mind me how one day-hreal( long ago, 
I heard the wild swan play his magic horn; 
Heard the cold north wind blow his pipe forlorn. 
Heard the sweet stream purl gently to and fro 
In oaten meadows; while the lyric flow 
Of field-lark hymn called to the splendid morn 
Until the sun, a light divine, new-horn. 
Lifted, — a wild flash o'er the virgin snow. 

Then stood I lil(e the holy orient priest. 
Who gave to fire a mystic sacred name, 
And ever burned his altar in the East; 
Or lil(e the Poet-l(ing who raptured came 
At morn, as to a pentecostal feast. 
And saw Jehovah in the Rising Flame! 




62 



THE EXPOSITION— ITS PURPOSE AND HOW TO 
APPRECIATE IT 




E 



By Alvin E. Pope, 
Chief, Departments of Education and Social Economy 

XP( )SITI< )NS had their 
origin in the early trade 
fairs and festivals. As 
these developed they were 
gradually transformed from an 
exchange of goods to an ex- 
change of ideas. The modern 
International Exposition col- 
lects the latesl ideas in all 
fields of human activities, dis 
plays them graphically and ar- 
ranges them so as to present a 
panorama of present civiliza- 
tion suggesting the trend of 
future progress. Most of these 
ideas were previously confined 
within a very restricted terri- 
tory or known to a very lim- 
ited number of experts. The 
Exposition disseminates these 
ideas throughout the world, not only originating many world- 
wide movements, hut giving great impetus to movements already 
under way. 

The Chicago Exposition was followed by a widespread cam- 
paign for the beautifying of our cities. The St. Louis Exposi- 
tion added new impetus to this movement, and through the 
German exhibits, brought about a change in our method of 
home construction and interior decoration. The Panama-Pacific 
International Exposition will give further effect to these move- 
ments and in addition introduce new color features and new 
forms of lighting and illumination. The Congress of Religions 
at the Chicago Exposition pacified the intense antagonism 
among religious creeds and organizations, and brought about a 
better spirit of toleration and co-operation among the churches. 
The St. Louis Exposition was marked by the great force it gave 
to the arts and sciences. ' The Department of Social Economy 



63 



of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition was planned with 
the hope that this Exposition would be followed by increased 
activities in all fields of social service. 

It was impossible to secure a separate building for the Social 
Economy exhibits, so they were housed in four different build- 
ings. Exhibits from various nations, states, municipalities and 
national organizations occupy about one-half of the Palace of 
Education. Most of the United States Government Social 
Economy exhibits and of many publishing houses fill about one- 
fourth of the Palace of Liberal Arts. Banking, Insurance and 
Industrial Welfare exhibits cover nearly one-fourth of the floor 
space of the Palace of Mines, and the New York City building 
contains the entire Social Economy exhibit from that city. The 
scattering of exhibits has somewhat interfered with the effi- 
ciency of the Department, and for lack of adequate space many 
important exhibits which had been planned and financed were 
abandoned. 

The policy of the Department of Education was to secure 
exhibits by invitation and to confine each exhibitor to some 
special educational feature in which he excelled and in which he 
was able to teach the world a lesson. In each case it was not 
only necessary to secure the co-operation of those invited, but 
in addition to arrange means of financing the exhibit. By thus 
selecting all attainable high peaks of modern educational prog- 
ress, the Department hoped to prevent unnecessary experimental 
work and to direct all efforts toward the ideals attained by the 
most progressive educators. With this accomplished it will 
result in a saving of time and energy of thousands of teachers, 
of hundreds of thousands of pupils, and of millions of dollars. 

In visiting the Exposition avoid a large party. One can 
profit more by being alone or with not more than two com- 
panions. Purchase a guide book. It will be useful here and at 
home. Secure a general view which will give an idea of its 
underlying principles. This can be done by taking one of the 
white cars or roller chairs near the Fillmore Street or Ferry 
entrance and come down the Avenue of Palms, through the 
Avenue of Nations, to the Massachusetts building, returning 
along the Marina. Starting at Machinery Hall, come leisurely 
back through the courts, circling the lagoon in front of the Fine 
Arts building. This trip should be made both by day and by 
night. Do not hurry. Enjoy it — You will absorb much. 

64 



Beginning at the Palace of Education, make a leisurely sur- 
vey of the various exhibit palaces, passing through Liberal Arts, 
Manufacturers, Varied Industries and Machinery Hall, returning 
through Mines, Transportation, Agriculture, Food Products, 
Fine Arts and Horticulture. Then visit a few of the foreign and 
state buildings in the same manner. Most of these buildings 
are not open for inspection until after eleven o'clock, while the 
exhibit palaces are open at nine. 

After this casual survey begin the thorough study of some 
particular exhibit of interest. Follow this up by an exhaustive 
study of as many exhibits as possible. You will find most of 
them arranged for the casual inspection of the general public, 
but containing information for the amateur, material for the 
professional and suggestions for the trained expert. Each vis- 
itor will find that he himself belongs first to one and then to 
another of these classes, and that he will benefit in proportion 
to the effort and time he devotes to serious study. 

An eminent educator accepted, at a great sacrifice, a position 
as a member of the International Jury of Awards on the theory 
that he always received more than he gave in such work. He 
had been searching years for a plan of reorganizing his Depart- 
ment of Sociology. When he saw the Social Economy exhibits 
displayed here, he knew exactly what he wanted. They had 
suggested a solution of his problem. He is now reorganizing 
that department in the university of which he is the head. 

Study exhibits. Study them diligently and exhaustively. 
Your pleasure, appreciation and benefit is limited only by time, 
effort and capacity. Study the Exposition thoughtfully and you 
will carry home much which will benefit yourself, your friends 
and the community. 



65 




Tower of Jewels 

Standing guard over the Central Court of the Universe is the 
Tower of Jewels, the most commanding' architectural unit in the 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition. It faces the main en- 
trance to the grounds and rises in successive stages from a square 
base of 125 feet to a height of 435 feet. Hanging pendent, so 
that by day they flash back the rays of the sun, and by night 
the many colored lights that play upon them, are myriads of 
jewels. While the Tower is a composite in architecture, the 



66 




Night Illumination, Tower of Jewels 



Roman arch and the Corinthian and Doric columns predominate. 
The tower loses much in effectiveness in the day. At night, 
when the searchlights play upon it, all harshness is removed ; 
deep rich color gives place to soft tones and tints in perfect 
harmony until the tower stands clean-cut and sharp as a cameo 
against the dark sky and the hills of Marin. Seen from distant 
points on the grounds, or from the city heights, the view is 
overpowering. 



Tower by Carrare and Hastings, New York. 



67 




Arch of the Setting Sun, Court of the Universe 

The Central Court of the Exposition is the Court of the 
Universe. It is symbolic of the significance of the Exposition 
as celebrating the completion of the Panama Canal, and also of 
the closer unity of all nations and peoples. The entrance on the 
south is by way of the Tower of Jewels. The Court opens to 
the Marina on the north, germinating in the Column of Progress. 
The Arch of the Rising Sun markes the east entrance, that of 
the Setting Sun (our illustration) the west entrance. The 
Nations of the East are featured on the former and the Nations 
of the West on the latter of these arches. These wonderful 
groups are produced by Messrs. Calder, Sentelli and Roth. 




Inside the Court of the Four Seasons 

The Court of the Four Seasons, by Henry Bacon of New 
York, is one of the beauty spots of the Exposition. The center 
is occupied by a pool, and the Court is edged with greenery. 
In the four corners are the fountains of Spring, Summer, 
Autumn and Winter, by Furio Piccirrilli. The seasonal paint- 
ings by Milton Bancroft are in the colonnades. Albert Jadger's 
group of "Harvest" or "Plenty" stands above the great niche, 
and the Fountain of Ceres by Evelyn Beatrice occupies the 
front space. 



69 




Palace of Education 

The Palace of Education topped with its great half-dome, 
fronts on the Avenue of Palms on the south, and looks out to 
the west across the lagoon to the Palace of Fine Arts. The 
north, west, and two south entrances are decorated with appro- 
priate panels, the relief panel of "Education" above the main 
south entrance and designed by Gustave Gerlach, being most 
effective. The Palace of Education is the southwest unit of the 
main group and lies separated from the Palace of Liberal Arts 



70 




•iHiaiiii! 




Great Dome of the Palace of Education 

by the Court of Palms. At either side of this Court and stand- 
ing, one at the corner of the Palace of Education, the other at 
the corner of the Liberal Arts Palace, are the two Italian towers 
210 feet in height. Marking the entrance to the Court is the 
famous sculpture by James Earl Fraser, "The End of the Trail." 
The Palace of Education covers nearly five acres and was built 
at a cost of more than $300,000. 



71 










Looking Across the Fine Arts Lagoon at the 
Palace of Education 

The Fine Arts Lagoon lies between the main exposition on 
the east and the Palace of Fine Arts on the west. The Palace, 
in its exterior treatment and the surroundings, is in itself an 
art exhibit. As one glimpses the structure from a distance, the 
appearance of age and .weathering in its walls, the twining 
vegetation and the suggestion of open courts and colonnades, 
reminds one of an ancient ruin or bits of old Kenilworth. The 
architect is B. R. Maybeck of San Francisco. 

72 




Palace of Horticulture 

The great glass dome of the Palace of Horticulture is one 
of the features of the Exposition. In beauty of line and deli- 
cacy of proportion, there is nothing to surpass it. The dome 
stands 182 feet in height, the diameter being 152 feet. Resting 
upon the dome is a cap or basket 100 feet in circumference. 
The ornamentation is most effective. At night the dome is 
lighted by searchlights from the interior, and the wonderful 
play of color in its graceful movement around the dome is a 
charming spectacle. Bakewell and Brown, San Francisco, are 
the architects. 



73 




Main North Portal, Palace of Transportation 

The main north portal of the Palace of Transportation is in 
the Plateresque treatment, uniform with that of the north 
facades of all four palaces fronting on the Esplanade. This 
building' covers seven acres. On the east is the Court of the 
Ages, on the south the Florentine Court, and on the west the 
Court of the Universe., The cost of this palace was a half 
million of dollars. 



74 




California Building 

Of the several magnificent State Buildings, that of California 
takes high rank. It is the largest state building ever con- 
structed for an Exposition. Built on the old Spanish Mission 
style of architecture, it fronts the Marina on the south, with the 
May of San Francisco on the north. In the patio between the 
wings is a reproduction of the forbidden garden of the Santa 
Barbara Mission. The architect is Thomas H. F. Burditt. 



75 



EDUCATIONAL CONGRESSES AND CONFERENCES 



By James A. Barr, Director of Congresses, 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition 




N 



•ATIONAL and inter- 
national congresses on 
Education, Science, 
Literature, Industry and So- 
cial Service have, since the 
Paris Exposition of 1889, been 
a leading feature of all expo- 
sitions. In their congresses 
these expositions have had a 
central theme. The central 
thought at the Chicago Expo- 
sition in its congresses was 
given expression by the World 
Parliament of Religions. The 
central thought of the St. 
Louis Exposition in its con- 
gresses was learning, as ex- 
emplified by the World's Con- 
gress of Art and Science. The 
ten years since the St. Louis Exposition have been years of 
social, educational, economic and industrial unrest. Communi- 
ties, states, nations, the world as a whole, have been groping 
for a solution of problems along such lines. In the sense of 
meeting with the needs of the world, of giving the greatest 
possible help to state, national and international organizations, 
the central thought of the many congresses, conferences and 
conventions to be held in or near San Francisco in 1915 will be 
Service, — social, educational and industrial service. 

Practically all of the national and international organizations 
of the world have been invited to hold regular or special meet- 
ings or to send delegations to San Francisco to participate in 
the activities of the Exposition. Up to date, 851 congresses, 
conferences and conventions have been scheduled to meet in or 
near San Francisco with specific dates named. The greatest of 
the groupings, both in number and importance, is that pertain- 
ing to Education. A total of 129 educational conferences will be 
held under the general auspices of the Exposition. 



76 



CALIFORNIA'S EDUCATION EXHIBIT— THE PANAMA- 
PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 

By W. D. Egilbert, Commissioner-General of California 




I 



N this — the world's great- 
est lesson to the present 
generation — the Panama- 
Pacific International Exposi- 
tion, California endeavored and 
has succeeded in making an in- 
delible impression upon the 
world educationally and eco- 
nomically. The result of Cali- 
fornia's participation in the ex- 
position upon the minds of all 
who have seen it has been re- 
markable ; the benefits in the 
years to come will be potential. 
Not only will this lesson abide 
with those who are fortunate 
to receive it first-hand from 
this city of wonder by the 
Golden Gate, but the coming 
generations will reap in no 
small degree the fruits of this world in epitome. 

This lesson taught by the exposition — in which Cali- 
fornia is a directing factor — will serve to co-ordinate the 
friendship of nations ; concentrate the minds of the general 
public along lines of uplift ; supply to those who are lack- 
ing the final touches of a higher education, and will serve 
to show that man has progressed most through educa- 
tion, and that he will continue to progress only through 
such measures which tend to build the mind and strengthen 
the morals — a combination which is the human dynamo 
that sways the world. 

It is meet that the National Education Association should 
here convene, and through the world — influence its members 
exert, carry the ideas and the lesson taught by this, the greatest 
of all international expositions. First, because the National Edu- 
cation Association is the most fundamentally imporant organiza- 
tion of the entire world, and it is upon the organization as a 

77 



whole and its members as individuals that the future genera- 
tions are dependent for much of their future progress, pros- 
perity and happiness. 

While California has sought to impress the world visitors 
with her educational assets, it is no less recognized that exhibits 
of activities not touching upon education directly, are never- 
theless educational. Every exhibit, or display, installed by the 
State, counties, business concerns or individuals plays its part 
in this great lesson to humanity. 

In installing the educational exhibit in the Palace of Educa- 
tion the executive committee of the State Educational Com- 
mittee has sought in agreeable and striking manner to show the 
power of the school system over the child, and the subsequent 
effect upon the State and Nation. The motion picture theater 
was recognized by those who designed and installed the exhibit 
as an exceptional means of portraying to the visitor the public 
schools of California in action, and at the same time preserving 
for the future living records of the school system as it existed 
in 1915. 

These films do not contain pictures of school classes in 
action alter long rehearsals, but depict the classes in everyday 
activity. Pictures are shown indicating from a scientific .stand- 
point how we are teaching the child to be ready to fight the 
life battles. Illiteracy is being banished in California just as 
the pictures show the visitor and the student. The schools of 
this State are in a position to invite healthy criticism, and Cali- 
fornia regards herself as generally equal and in many points 
superior in systems, not only in teaching the child, but teaching 
the parent. Under these present systems, for instance, the 
teachers go into the home of the illiterate immigrants to teach 
the English language, sanitation and even domestic science. 

In the educational exhibit are featured models of the public 
school buildings the State University at Berkeley, Leland Stan- 
ford, Jr., University at Palo Alto, State normal schools, open- 
air schools, playgrounds, athletic grounds and gymnasiums?; as 
well as structures wherein are taught domestic science and 
manual training. Art has been featured to a great degree and 
the exhibit is rife with the products of scholars taught under 
California's system of domestic science and manual training. 
Not only are the city and rural public schools shown, but the 

78 



State schools for the abnormal child and the private school for 
the atypical child are depicted in film, models and exhibits. 

The California building, housing the stupendous diversified 
displays of the counties of the State, is one of the valuable 
educational assets of the exposition, elevating and impressive. 
In this building are shown the educational, agricultural, horti- 
cultural and mining products and industrial activities of each 
county. This phase of California's participation, alone, repre- 
sents in excess of $2,000,000, but it is money well spent. Here 
may be seen the fruits and flowers, minerals, game, woods, still 
pictures and motion picture films, which make a marked impres- 
sion on those who view them, and there can be no "back to the 
soil" movement until the people are prepared for the soil and 
are taught to take every advantage which Nature offers the 
human race through the soil. The experience of centuries is 
here epitomized. 

The imprint of the teaching now a part of our great uni- 
versities is conclusive. In the Palace of Horticulture are fruit 
products of land farmed scientifically. In the Palace of Agri- 
culture are the agricultural products, which were produced in a 
like manner. The Palace of Mines contains a wealth of lessons 
in mining. Not only are the minerals of California in abundance, 
but there may be seen the practical methods used to gain 
results. In the Palace of Fine Arts are paintings from the 
brushes of California artists. 

California timber has been featured. The Palace of Agricul- 
ture contains many fine wood exhibits, and the beautiful red- 
wood bungalow erected by Mendocino, Humboldt and Sonoma 
counties in the North Gardens is not only a structure of beauty, 
but a lesson in itself, as is the California pine bungalow, adjoin- 
ing. The Palaces of Machinery, Varied Industries, Manufac- 
turers, Liberal Arts, Food Products and Transportation contain 
California exhibits of much value and interest. 

California has paid generous, silent but eloquent tribute in 
minute detail to education. 



79 




Front of the California Booth, Palace of Education, 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition. 



The California Exhibit in the Palace of Education brings out 
strongly two features : School Architecture and Educational 
Motion Pictures. 

The California Education Committee, realizing the value of 
a knowledge of school architecture to the teacher and the super- 
visor, invited the various counties and cities in the State to par- 
ticipate in the exhibit. As a result, there have been submitted 
photographs of typical school buildings, including rural, elemen- 
tary and high schools, and institutions of higher learning. 

Models and replicas in wood and plaster of kindergartens, 
open-air schools, and grammar and high school buildings, are on 
exhibit from various portions of the State. All in all, this is the 
most typical and comprehensive exhibit, of school architectural 
features that has ever been brought together. 

Several counties and cities have, through motion pictures, 
featured in whole or in part, activities of their schools. These 
pictures include buildings and grounds ; out-of-door activities, 
such as athletics, gymnastics and the like ; actual classroom 
processes in book, laboratory, home economics, industrial educa- 
tion and art subjects; agriculture, library work, music, folk 

80 



dancing and dramatics; and in fact, everything that pertains to 
education from the kindergarten and playground to college. 

Many thousands of dollars have been spent in securing these 
pictures, and they are shown daily in the California Motion Pic- 
ture Booth in the Palace of Education. Much of the credit for 
securing the exhibits from Southern California, is due to Mr. 
Hugh J. Baldwin. Exhibits from other portions of the State and 
the installation and arrangement of the collective exhibit, has 
been in the hands of Miss Ardee Parsons. 



CALIFORNIA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

Arthur H. Chamberlain, Chairman 
San Francisco 
Alexis F. Lange, Berkeley Mrs. H. N. Rowell, Berkeley 

Miss Ethel Moore, Oakland Horace M. Rebok, Santa Monica 



CALIFORNIA EDUCATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE 



Edward Hyatt, Sacramento 

Will C. Wood, Sacramento 

Miss M. Schallenberger, Sacramento 

E. R. Snyder, Sacramento 

William H. Langdon, Modesto 

Mrs. O. Shepard Barnum, Alhambra 

Mrs. Phoebe Hearst, Pleasanton 

Richard G. Boone, Berkeley 

Charles H. Rieber, Berkeley 

E. P. Cubberley, Stanford 

George F. Bovard, Los Angeles 

A. A. D'Ancona, San Francisco 

Alfred Roncovieri, San Francisco 

A. C. Barker, Oakland 

J. H. Francis, Los Angeles 

Duncan Mackinnon, San Diego 

J. A. Cranston, Santa Ana 

A. J. Cloud, San Francisco 

Mrs. Susan M. Dorsey, Los Angeles 

Allison Ware, Chico 

Miss Ednah A. Rich, Santa Barbara 

M. E. Dailey, San Jose 

Mark Keppel, Los Angeles 



Hugh J. Baldwin, San Diego 
George W. Frick, Alameda 
Mrs. Minnie O'Neil, Sacramento 
John Anderson, Stockton 

E. W. Lindsay, Fresno 
James B. Davidson, San Rafael 
Mrs. N. E. Davidson, Hanford 

Mrs. M. M. Fitz-Gerald, San Francisco 
L. E. Milligan, Berkeley 

F. H. Meyer, Berkeley 

George A. Merrill, San Francisco 
E. Morris Cox, Oakland 
Everett C. Beach, Los Angeles 
Miss W. Rodman, Los Angeles 
Mrs. A. F. Morrison, San Francisco 
William John Cooper, Berkeley 
Miss Blanche Vance, Los Angeles 
C. A. Stebbins, Chico 
W. G. Hummel, Berkeley 
Mrs. E. M. Bushnell, San Francisco 
E. W. Oliver, Los Angeles 
Everett L. Conger, Pasadena* 



*Deceased. 



81 



EDUCATIONAL SURVEY 

Some Suggestive Exhibits at the Panama-Pacific International 

Exposition 

THERE have been several "Surveys" made of educational 
exhibits at the Exposition, particularly those exhibits 
housed in the Palace of Education. These surveys or 
catalogues have all been of distinct service. Helpful, however, 
as these studies have proved, the approach has, in every in- 
stance, been made either from the standpoint of (a) the geog- 
raphy of the building housing the exhibit; that is, taking the 
buildings as in an itinerary; (b) the location of the exhibit 
within a given building, or (c) alphabetical as to states or titles 
of exhibits within a given building. 

Generally speaking, the individual is especially interested in 
some one particular phase of work or educational activity. He 
must see the most in the shortest possible time. There is also 
much that is educational in each of the several palaces, and an 
exhibit installed for purely commercial purposes may have the 
greatest educational significance. It will be understood, how- 
ever, that no attempt has been made to include here all exhibits 
that have educational value. 

In the following study the topical method has been followed. 
The exhibits have been arranged under twenty-six different 
heads. There are a number of duplications and cross references. 
When the visitor desires to locate work of a certain character, he 
can quickly turn to the subject in which he is interested. 

Acknowledgment for suggestion is due the Committee of 
which E. Morris Cox was Chairman, and which made the study 
for the Bay Section, C. T. A., April last; to the Committee hav- 
ing charge of the study for San Francisco school children ; to 
Dr. M. E. Blanchard for his work; to Superintendent A. C. Barker 
and others of the Exposition Committee of the N. E. A. ; and to 
Miss Anna Holway of the office of the Chief of the Department 
of Education for her excellent catalogue. 

ARTHUR H. CHAMBERLAIN. 



82 



Where street and avenue are given — as for example: B and 5— the exhibit 
in question is in the Palace of Education, at the intersection of 5th St. and 
Ave. B: where such designation rs not given the palace or building Is nameu. 

Where a given exhibit is located in the Palace of Agriculture or Palace of 
Horticulture, for instance, the word Agriculture or Horticulture preceding the 
name of the exhibit, will indicate the location. 



Administration and Supervision 

Missouri State Exhibit. 3 bet. A & B. Demonstrating Mis- 
souri's decentralized school system and growth of schools since 
1894. 

N. Y. State University. 3 & B. Centralization of supervision 
with decentralization of service in a state school system. 

Philippine Islands. 1 & A. Collective exhibit illustrative of 
entire school system ; charts, maps, pictures showing organiza- 
tion and conduct of schools ; finance, distribution, etc. 

U. S. Bureau of Education. 3 & B. Showing organization 
through charts, pictures, models, publications; school finances, 
etc. 



Agriculture and Horticulture 

Agricultural Palace. Exhibit of all phases of agriculture; dis- 
plays of grains ; charts and models ; machinery, etc. 

Agricultural Palace. U. S. Government. Work of Agricultural 
Department. Types of work in agriculture, cotton raising and 
stock raising; protection of national forest — before and after 
lumbering. 

California Building. Exhibit of products from all portions of the 
state by counties and collectively. 

Horticultural Palace. Containing exhibits of fruits, methods of 
handling, packing, shipping, etc. 

Iowa State. 4 & A. Photographs and laboratory equipment 
illustrating work in agriculture. 

Oregon Building. Farm and orchard products fully exhibited. 

U. S. Bureau of Education. 3 & B. Work of Agricultural Col- 
leges, Experimental Stations; horticulture, soils, fertilizers, ani- 
mal husbandry, farm management, forestry, etc. 

Utah. 3 & B. Activities of State Agricultural College. 

83 



Architecture and Building 

California, State. 5 & B. Exhibits of photographs and models 
of elementary, high and normal schools and colleges. Motion 
pictures of school architecture and equipment; school activities, 
class room and out-of-door work, etc. Models of Chico and 
Santa Barbara Normal Schools; Armijo (Solano Co.), Monrovia 
and Santa Monica (Los Angeles Co.), San Diego (San Diego 
Co.), Ceres, Newman and Oakdale (Stanislaus Co.), High 
Schools ; Fresno #nd Sacramento cities and Stanislaus Co. kin- 
dergartens, open-air schools and elementary schools. 

Gary, Indiana, Public schools. 4 & B. Model of typical school 
building and pictures of buildings, showing exteriors and inte- 
riors. 

Illinois. Models of buildings and school plants, showing types 
from rural school to State University. Very comprehensive. 

New York State. 3 & B. Model of State Educational Building 
at Albany. 

Philippine Islands. 1 & A. Models, plans and pictures of new 
buildings. Evolution of school buildings during recent years. 

U. S. Government. C bet. 3 & 4. Models of school buildings. 

Art, Design and Photography 

American Crayon Co. 6 & B. A most suggestive exhibit of 
drawings and sketches made with their crayons and art 
materials. 

Arequipa. 3 & E. Pottery in various forms of display; tiles, 
vases, etc. 

Argentina. 2 & C. Special attention given to art work, and to 
application of design in construction. 

Binney & Smith. Mezzanine, 5. Art materials and designs. 

Child Welfare Photographic Exhibit. 6 & D. Children's photo- 
graphs. 

China. 2 & A. Handwork, needlework, clay, tapestrv, painting, 
carving. Superior technique and careful and painstaking work 
shown throughout. 

Fine Applied and Manual Arts. 6 & B. Model rooms planned 
and executed by individual schools or institutions ; furniture and 
fittings made and placed. Work in wood, metal, textiles, tiles 
and pottery, painting, etc. Work in fine and applied arts 
throughout all years of school. 

Fine Arts Palace. Paintings, sculpture, textiles, tapestries, 
jewelry. Special attention should be given the building itself, 

84 



the setting and environment of the Palace ; the bronzes, both 

within and outside the building, and the sculptures. 

Japan. 2 & D. Specimens of art and handwork; particular 

attention to color. 

Milton Bradley. Mezzanine, 5. Art and color work. 

Oregon Building. Drawing and industrial work ; the art room 

is especially attractive, the color scheme excellent. 

Philippines. 1 & A. Design applied to textiles, baskets, fabrics, 
etc.; painting and fine art showing Spanish influence; tapestries 
and textiles showing influence of the Orient. 
Rodman-Wanamaker. 6 & C. Photographs of Indian life. 
Utah. 3 & B. Drawing, textiles, metal work. 
Varied Industries Building. Commercial exhibits showing appli- 
cation of art and design in the home. 

Zone. Creation. 

Commercial Education 

Palmer Penmanship. Mezzanine Floor, 5 St. A class in pen- 
manship at work, illustrating the Palmer method. 
Spencerian Commercial School. Mezzanine-5. 
Standard Commercial School. 6 & C. A model commercial 
school in actual operation, illustrating methods in penmanship, 
bookkeeping, stenography and typewriting and other commercial 
subjects; in office practice, filing systems, and so on; fifty 
students at work daily. Companies participating in this collec- 
tive exhibit: Gregg Publishing Co. (Gregg System of Short- 
hand and Rational Typewriting and Office Practice for Stenog- 
raphers), Linatime Mfg. Co. (Copyright), A. N. Palmer Co. 
(Penmanship), South West Publishing Co. (20th Century Book- 
keeping), C. F. Weber & Co. (School Furniture), Remington 
Typewriter Co. (Typewriters for Commercial Schools), Yaw- 
man & Erbe Mfg. Co. (Filing Equipment). 

Consolidation and Centralization of Schools 
Illinois. 3 & B. Pictures and models of consolidated rural, grade, 
and high schools. 

Indiana. 4 bet. A & B. Activities of consolidated schools — 
photographs and models. 

N. Y. 3 & B. Centralized System. Map showing entire number 
and location of schools in state. 

U. S. Government. 3 & C. Exhibit shows desirability of con- 
solidation of many of our 212,000 one-room schools. Models, 
charts, designs. 

Utah State Exhibit. 3 & B. Designed to show value of con- 
solidated schools through relief map. The possibilities of con- 
solidation clearly demonstrated. Model of consolidated district. 

85 



Courses of Study 

Argentina. 2 & C. Photographs, charts, drawings, and trans 
parencies of school curricula. 

Berkeley High School. 6 & B. Transparencies showing actual 
school work. 

China. 2 & A. Shows the great advance educational movement 
in China and as well the influence of the older days; tech- 
nical ability rather than thought processes over emphasized. 
Lack of correlation and difficulty of work in elementary schools 
noticeable. 

Gary Public Schools. 5 & B. Transparencies showing actual 
class room activities. 

Japan. 2 & D. System of education emphasizing art. 

Philippines. 1 & A. Shows relation of text books to laboratory 
and shop courses and application to the needs of the people. 
The extension of education into the home. 

Utah. 3 & B. Photographs, transparencies and actual work. 

Educational Extension 
N. W. Harris School Extension. 3 & A. (See museums.) 

Philippine Islands. 1 & A. Relation of school to home, espe- 
cially through industrial processes. 

U. S. Government. 3 & C. Shows possibilities of extension work 
and progress through pictures and charts. 

Wisconsin. 5 & A. Library and school extension work shown 
by pictures and charts. 

Defective Children 

California School for Deaf and Blind. 5 near A. Methods for 
teaching deaf and blind ; demonstrations. 

Massachusetts State Exhibit. 5 & C. Work of Health Depart- 
ment, etc. ; charity, blind, insanity. 

N. Y. Commission for Blind. 4 bet. C & D. Education and 
care of blind ; the insane, treatment of special classes. 

North Dakota. Work done at Institute of Feeble-minded and 
School of Blind. 

Oakland Atypical Chijdren. 4 & C. Showing what the city is 
doing for its atypical children. Manual training, drawing and 
sewing emphasized. 

Oakland School for Blind. 5 & C. 
K5 



Sonoma State Home. 5 & C. Demonstrating work clone by 
feeble-minded. Art and textiles. 

Mrs. Trask's Lip Reading. 4 near A. Lip reading as method of 
teaching deaf. 

Geography 

(a) Clothing. 

China. 2 & A. Silk exhibit illustrating various stages of the 
industry. 

Japan Building. Silk exhibit. 

Philippine Islands. Fabrics and tapestries. 

Varied Industries Building. California Cotton Mills, Oakland. 
Work of the loom. 

(b) Food. 

Australian Building. Most complete exhibits of grains, fruits, 
vegetables, etc. 

Canadian Building. Exhibit of grains and fruits. 

Food Products. Bees and honey making shown by actual stands 
of bees at work. (J. C. Frohliger). 

Food Products. Model Camp. 

Food Products. Model of salmon cannery. Alaska Packers 
Association. 

Food Products. State Fish and Game Commission,, and Cali- 
fornia Academy of Science. 

Food Products. U. S. Government exhibit of Fisheries. 

Horticulture. Grading and canning of fruit; picking, marketing. 

Horticulture. Orange Industry. Tangerine growing, picking, 
boxing, etc. 

New Zealand Building. Exhibit of products. 

Swedish Building. Exhibit of products. 

Washington State. Exhibit of Fisheries. 

(c) Transportation. (Unless otherwise indicated, in Transporta- 
tion Building.) 

Demonstration of submarine mine. 

Growth of Navy, Merchant Marine. 

Map showing highway from Galveston to Winnipeg. 



87 



Models showing construction of levee in Mississippi river; also 
Los Angeles and Galveston Harbors. 

Models showing Pacific highway from Seattle to San Diego. 

Models showing lock and dam, Ohio river. 

Models showing relation of San Francisco to Pacific ocean ports. 

Models showing highway in Washington State in relation to the 
Columbia river. 

Models of steamships. 

Machinery Building. Road-making as carried on in various 
nations. 

Machinery. Tillamuck Lighthouse model, 48,000 C. P. 

Mines. Engine on turntable in operation. 

Norway Building. Merchant Marine. 

Trans-continental journey and fac simile of ticket and cities en 
route shown by models and miniatures. 

(d) Industries, Manners, Customs, Peoples 

Food Products. Making of flour. Sperry flour exhibit. 
Food Products. Panorama illustrative of tea-growing, picking, 
etc., in Japan. 

Food Products. Salmon Canning Industry. 

Food Products. U. S. Fisheries Exhibit. 

Liberal Arts. Coffee Industry. 

Liberal Arts. Reclamation Service. 

Liberal Arts. Study of native life, manners and customs, homes, 
clothing, industries. 

Liberal Arts. Work of the Civil Service. 

Massachusetts. 5 & C. Motion picture making of a shoe. 

Mines. Exhibit of U. S. Steel Corporation. 

Mines. Postofnce in operation. 

Philippines. 1 & A. Weaving and basket making by Filipinos. 

Rodman-Wanamaker. 6 & C. Indian life pictures. 

Transportation. Dredger at work. 

Transportation. Exhibit showing Railway Mail Service in car. 

Transportation. Logging and finished timber exhibit. 

Transportation. U. S. Government Exhibit. Work of Forestry 

Department. Photographs and models. 



Zone. Tehauntepec (Mexican Village). 

(e) Map Study. 

Italian Building. Map outside of building. 

Mines. Model of the United States. 

N. Y. State 3 & B. Relief map of State of New York. 

Transportation. Map showing highway from Galveston to 
Winnipeg. 

Transportation. Models showing Pacific Coast Highway Seat- 
tle to San Diego. 

Transportation. Models showing relation of San Francisco to 
Pacific ocean ports. 

Transportation. Models showing highway in Washington State 
in relation to Columbia river. 

Transportation. Model of Panama Canal. 

Transportation. Model of Washington, D. C. 

Transportation. Model of New York City and Brooklyn. 

Transportation. Trans-continental journey and fac simile of 
regular ticket and cities en route shown by models and minia- 
tures. 

Utah. 3 & B. Physical map of State. 

Zone. Panoramic view of Grand Canyon of Arizona. 

Zone. Panoramic view of Panama Canal. 

Zone. Panoramic view of Yellowstone Park and Old Faithful 
Geyser in action. 

Health and Sanitation 

American Medical Assn. 4 near D. Exposure of patent medi- 
cine and other "fakes." 

American Social Hygiene Assn. 4 & D. Arguments for teach- 
ing of social hygiene. 

Arequipa Sanatorium. 3 & E. Treatment of tuberculosis. 
Healthful work in pottery for tubercular wage-earning women. 

Baby Hospital of Alameda County. 6 & E. Showing proper 
care of infants. 

California Association for Study of Tuberculosis. 4 & E. Show- 
ing prevalency of tuberculosis and facilities for prevention. 

89 



Cuba, 2 & C. Pictures and models showing- sanitary arrange- 
ments and health conditions. Spread of disease and disease pre- 
vention. Types of buildings most complete. 

Japan. 2 & D. Sanitary work and charts showing effects of 
anti-tobacco law. Models, and diagrams. Also 3 & E. The 
Red Cross on battle field and in camp. Hospital equipment. 

Joint Board of Sanitary Control. 6 & D. Charts and photo- 
graphs of child welfare. 

Liberal Arts. Sanitation ; Disease, prevention and cure ; health 
in the home. 

Machinery Hall. Disposal of garbage, city cleaning, etc. 

Maryland. 2 & C. Public baths and welfare work. 

Massachusetts. 5 & C. Health in relation to civic welfare. 
Models, charts, maps and hospital work. 

Mouth Hygiene Association of America. 4 & E. Demonstra- 
tion of care of the teeth. 

National Consumers' League. 5 & D. Showing unsanitary con- 
ditions under which cheap clothing is made. 

New York State Department of Labor. C & 4. Factory inspec- 
tion, child labor, etc. 

New York Department for Blind. 4 bet. C & D. Education and 
care of blind. 

New York State Health Department. 2 & D. Models showing 
longevity, water Alteration plant, sewerage disposal, etc. 

Pennsylvania State Board of Health. 4 & D. Exhibit of school 
hygiene and sanitation. Charts, models, transparencies, labora- 
tory equipment, housing, school hygiene, disease prevention. 
Most complete exhibit. 

Philippine Islands. 3 & E. Public Health Department. Progress 
in health conservation and health since advent of Americans. 
Excellent models and diagrams. 

Race Betterment. 3 & C. Charts, models, electric devices. 

Rockefeller Foundation. 3 & D. Demonstration of treatment 
of hookworm disease; models and charts. 

Uruguay Building. School hygiene. 

U. S. Children's Brueau. 4 & E. Free examination and clinic 
for children's diseases. Models and devices illustrating infant 
mortality, child labor, etc. 

90 



U. S. Department of Labor. 5 & E. Pertaining to infant mor- 
tality ; playground work and child labor. 

Zone. Infant Incubators. 

History and Civics 
Carnegie Institute of Washington. 4 & C. Exhibits showing 
work in economics and sociology, etc. 

Illinois Building. Lincoln Memorial Hall. 

Maryland. Historical pictures. 

Massachusetts. Pictures of famous personages and literature 

descriptive of our country's history. 

Washington. Ezra Meeker's history of the Oregon Trail. 

Zone. Rattle of Gettysburg. 

Home Economics 

Food Products. Panoramic illustration of tea growing, picking, 
etc., in Japan. 

Food Products. Salmon Canning Industry. 

Food Products. Sponge Industry; model and equipment 

Food Products. Sperry Flour Exhibit. The making of flour. 

Food Products. U. S. Fisheries Exhibit. Showing various food 
fishes ; the life of the salmon ; fishing utensils and tackle ; meth- 
ods of seining, etc. 

Liberal Arts. Sickroom and Nursing. 
Mines. Manufacture of paint. 

Rooms from Louise Brigham's homes. 6 & D. Showing eco- 
nomical and artistic furnishing of homes and use of box furni- 
ture. The application of design to construction. 

Varied Industries. California Cotton Mills, Oakland. Work of 
the loom. 

Varied Industries. Coffee Industry. 

Varied Industries. Exhibit showing application of art and design 
in home. 

Varied Industries. Large department Store. 

Varied Industries. Model home showing application of elec- 
tricity in heating, lighting and labor-saving, and in all depart- 
ments ; laundry, sewing, cooking, etc. 

Varied Industries. Singer Sewing Machine Company. 

Varied Industries. Work of Sewing Machine. 

Washington State. Fisheries industry fully illustrated. 

91 



Humane Education 

American Humane Education Society, 4 & A. Literature. 

Liberty Bell Bird Club. 6 & B. Representing international 

movement to save the song birds and the insect destroyers. 

Stockyards. Exhibit of Society for Prevention of Cruelty to 

Animals. 

Zone. Educated horse Captain Ph. D. 

Industrial and Vocational Education 
Argentina. 2 & C. Demonstrating Industrial Schools. 
Commonwealth of Massachusetts. C bet. 5 & 6. Exhibit centers 
around vocational and trade industries and shows possibilities of 
school extension. The use of local materials. Legislation mak- 
ing for establishment of vocational schools. Methods of work. 
Models, photographs and actual work in textiles, millinery and 
shop projects. 

Hough's American woods. Mezzanine, 5. Books illustrated 
with actual wood specimens. 
Machinery Hall. Construction of a modern safe. 

Manual Arts. 6 & B. Showing connection between manual arts 
and industries, commerce, transportation, recreation, etc. Models 
made by pupils of San Francisco public schools. 

Oregon Building. Showing vocational training. 

Philippines. 1 & A. Illustrating how education may determine 
trade and commerce. The utilization of native materials in the 
making of furniture, hats, baskets, etc. Work in textiles and 
at looms. 

Republic of China. 2 & A. Showing work in government. 
Rooms from Louise Brigham's homes. (See Home Economics.) 
Transportation Building. Setting up of a Ford automobile. 
Uruguay. 5 & B. The work of school shops and trade schools 
shown. 

U. S. Government. Shows possibilities of marketing. 
Varied Industries. Watch making and shoe manufacturing. 

Libraries 
American Library Association. 3 & A. Location of library 
stations and work of the Free County Library; means of exten- 
sion ; work with children and foreigners, etc. Charts, pictures 
and literature. 

California Educational Exhibit. 5 & B. Motion picture show- 
ing State Library, etc. 
Philippines. 1 & A. 

St. Louis Public School Association. 3 bet. A & B. 
U. S. Government. C bet. 3 & 4. 

Wisconsin. 5 & A. Distribution of library service. A model 
school library. Photographs of rural and high schools. 



Mining 

Mines. Exhibit of minerals and ores. 

Mines. Government exhibit showing exact reproduction under- 
ground of coal, gold, copper, silver and other mines. 

Mines. Models of mines. 

Mines. Panorama of Alaska Mines. 

Mines. Panorama of Midway Oil Fields. 

Mines. Underground Coal Mine Exhibit. Alaska. Ten cents 
admission. Showing excellent miniature in cross-section and 
panoramic view. 

Mines. Underground Tourmaline Mine. 

Utah. 3 & B. Charts and actual specimens. State School of 

Mines. 

Kindergartens. 

Milton Bradley. Mezzanine, 5. Materials, art work, etc. 

Moral Education and Citizenship 

Anti-Saloon League. 1 & E. Maps, charts, etc., showing 
health, longevity, heredity, etc., in relation to use of cigarettes 
and alcoholic beverages. 

Prohibition Headquarters. 1 near E. Charts and statements 
showing effect of liquor traffic. 

Religious Organizations. 1 & C. Showing religious and educa- 
tional work in South and in foreign lands. 

W. C. T. U. 3 & D. Place of temperance study in school cur- 
riculum. Economic waste in use of alcohol. 

Motion Pictures 
Motion pictures are to be seen at the following places in the 
Palace of Education : 

California Educational Exhibit. 5 & B. Showing educational 
activities from kindergarten to college. Counties represented : 
Alameda, Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Marin, San Diego, 
Santa Clara, Solano. High schools : Monrovia, Santa Monica, 
Venice. City system: Los Angeles. Private schools: Belmont, 
Mt. Tamalpais. State High School Cadets. State Library. 
Departmental Theater No. 1. 5 near B. Particular attention 
given to health and travel. 

Departmental Theater No. 2. 6 & B. Films showing open-air 
schools; school museums; Philippine schools; Chicago schools; 
milk Pasteurization; Pratt Institute; Gary schools; text book 
making; penmanship, etc. 

93 



Federal Council of Churches. Travel, tours and missionary 
work. 

Massachusetts Educational Exhibit. 4 & C. The shoe-making- 
industry; activities of the blind, crippled and deformed children; 
the feeble-minded; inebriates; work in industrial schools for 
boys and girls. 

Indiana. 3 A & B. Consolidated school districts. 

New York State Exhibit. 3 & D. Films illustrating health, 
treatment of insane, scenery and cities of New York State ; fire 
drills in factories and schools, etc. 

Rodman — Wanamaker. 6 & C. Indian life pictures. 
Wisconsin. 5 & B. Industrial and nature study pictures. 

Museums 
China. 2 & A. Art materials, historical collection. 

N. W. Harris Public School Extension of Field Museum of 
Natural History. 3 & A. Inaugurated at close of World's 
Columbian Exposition. Mounted specimens of bird and animal 
life, minerals, natural history studies, etc. Suggestions for a 
circulating museum. 

St. Louis Educational Museum. 3 & A. Shows possibilities of 
school museum ; nucleus of exhibits shown at St. Louis, 1914. 
Illustrative materials in geography, history, art, etc. 

Uruguay. 5 & B. Collections of industrial and educational 
value. 

Montessori 

Montessori. 5 & D. Class beginning August 1st. Lectures and 
demonstrations by Madame Marie Montessori. 

U. S. Department of Labor. 4 & E. Pictures showing Montes- 
sori system. 

Music 
Liberal Arts. Columbia Graphophone Company. 
Liberal Arts. Victor Talking Machine Company. 
Open-Air Schools 

California Exhibit. 5 & B. Open-air schools shown in models 
and drawings, and motion pictures. 

Elizabeth McCormick Memorial Fund. 4 & C. Charts, photo- 
graphs and models illustrating the value of open-air schools in 
health preservation. Equipment, plans of buildings, etc. 

94 



Printing 

China. 2 & A. Block printing. 

Ginn & Company. 5 & A. Showing text books in the making; 
motion pictures, charts, models, etc. Evolution of the book 
from author to school room. 

Machinery Hall. Printing press in actual operation. 

Oregon Building. Showing products of students' printing shop. 

Rural School Problems 

California exhibit. 5 & B. Models, photographs and motion 
pictures. 

Indiana. 4 & A. Consolidation; photographs of rural school 
activities. 

Oregon. 5 & A. Charts and photographs of rural life ; model of 
rural school ; school credits for home work illustrated. 

Utah. 3 & B. The rural school and the problem of consolidation. 

U. S. Government. 3 & C. Maps, charts and records bearing 
upon the problem. Evolution of the country school. 

Social Hygiene 

American Social Hygiene Association. 4 & D. Argument for 
teaching of social hygiene. 

School Systems 

Argentina. 2 & C. Shows rapid development. Photographs 
and charts. 

China. 2 & A. Elementary and secondary schools. 

Japan. 2 & D. Relation of book work to industrial and art 
lines; elementary, high and college courses. 

Missouri. Type of decentralized school system. 

Oregon. 5 & A. System of rural school education. 

Philippine Islands. 1 & A. Shows centralized idea upon the 
one hand with application to local needs upon the other. 

Uruguay. 5 & B. Emphasis upon industrial work. 

U. S. Bureau of Education. 3 & B. Shows progress of educa- 
tion since St. Louis Exposition. Maps, charts, models, etc. 
Work of pupils. 

Wisconsin. 5 & B. Educational forces of the state. Library 
work. 

95 



THE PANAMA-CALIFORNIA EXPOSITION 
By Lewis H. Falk, Director of Publicity 

AN all-year visitor to San Diego wrote back East, "The 
strangest thing here is that electric fans and coal scut 
ties are passe." 

All of which is a reminder that in building an Exposition 
Hcautiful in a land where climate allows the most extraordinary 
feats o\ landscape architecture, the Panama-California Exposi- 
tion at San Diego has not confined its efforts to passing sensa- 
tion. It has built its exhibits with a view to presenting in 
striking form the resources of the American West — resources 
developed to show what has been done; resources undeveloped, 
to show what remains to he done. This feature, perhaps the 
most noteworthy from the viewpoint of permanent economic 
advantage, is set forth, in a way that is destined to appeal with 
gripping force to banker, to manufacturer, to educator, to settler, 
and even to the casual tourist. The tourist may come for 
amusement, but he is going away with an education. 

Near the north entrance to the grounds is a large reservation 
taken by the International Harvester Company. It is an open 
tract, and here is shown the heavy machinery of the Harvester 
Company in actual operation. Your Eastern city man may see 
the tractor and the motor-driven reapers at work, lie may see 
one man and a machine doing in one-half day as much work as 
kept the old-time farmer and five men busy for an entire week. 
lie may see why the progressive fanner does not live in terror 
^\ weather changes. lie may see why profits are large and 
expenses light. His wife, walking through the Home Economy 
Building, will see that the same mechanical power which saves 
labor in the meadow also can be put to work in the kitchen and 
laundry and sewing room to relieve her of the arduous labors 
she had feared. 

rogether husband and wife can go to the model small-unit 
farm, where a model bungalow is set in the center of an inten- 
sively cultivated area, where grow fruits and vegetables and 
cereals and poultry in the narrowest confines. The point is that 
they can see all this in operation. In a single day. they can 
observe and study the demonstration o\ facts that no amount 
oi reading would ever make clear. 

(hi the interior wall of each state building is placed a great 

96 



contour map of the entire commonwealth. The visitor shows 
an interest in a particular exhibit of barley. A guide shows him 
on the map exactly where that barley was grown. The guide 
points out the nearest route to market, whether by highway or 
by railroad, lie describes what other crops can be raised with 
profit in that valley. He locates the nearest water supply, and 
points out the nearest school and church of the visitor's denom- 
ination. J n other words, the visitor can stand before that map 
and learn everything he can wish to know about any and every 
section of the state. 

The delicious fragrance of the big citrus orchard, which is a 
spectacular exhibit of the Southern counties of California, floods 
the air. From the open plazas can be seen below the canyons 
filled with cypress and palm and eucalyptus, beyond the rolling 
hills and in the distance the snow-capped peaks of California 
and old Mexico. To the west, lies the Harbor of the Sun, then 
Coronado and Point Loma, and still further, the blue Pacific. Tt 
is a resplendent stage from which to deliver a great message. 

Convention bodies from every industry and profession arc 
rallying in force at the Exposition. Since January first, it has 
housed a veritable po1 pourri of personalities, the lay man, the 
scientist, the scholar, the educator, and continuing on down to, 
even including the butcher, the baker and candle stick maker. 

The Exposition, while not international in its scope, touches 
on the foreign countries sufficiently to furnish the visitor with a 
comprehensive travelogue in a sort of "vest pocket edition." Ik- 
sees Japan, parts of South America, the Hawaiian village, while 
before him at every hand in science, literature and art, is exem- 
plified the history and progress of the United States. Diversity 
of the Exposition is one of its most appealing points. 

ft has been written that "nothing succeeds like success," and 
this rather homely phrase is found in a receptive mood at San 
Diego's Exposition, with its gates thrown open January 1, 
marking the beginning of the period in which the first all-year 
exposition in history will be held. The attendance has reached 
expectations. The million mark in attendance has long been 
passed, and the record is reaching out toward two million. 



97 




The California Building at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, 
San Diego, facing- the Prado on the north, is of the cathedral 
type of architecture. Surrounded by shrubbery and flowers, it 
fits admirably into the general building scheme. The Spanish 
feeling pervades the entire exposition, not alone in the style of 
building's, but in the surroundings and atmosphere. The visitor 
has at once something of^the sensation that must have come to 
those Europeans who first looked in upon us. 



98 




The Science and Education Building in Spanish Colonial 
style is handled after the general type of our "Mission" architec- 
ture. Opening onto the Padro, the main street of the Exposition, 
the effect is imposing. The Spanish Gardens, the sunshine, the 
suggestion of calm and contentment, and the perfect beauty in 
color and surrounding, carry us back to the old world and to the 
early Spanish American days in the Southwest. 



99 




The Three Brothers— Yosemlte National Park— standing shoulder to shoulder 
and nodding into the sun-kissed valley and mirrored in the clear waters of 
the Merced. 

—Chamberlain Photo. 

100 



Our W estern \\^onderlands. 

By Arthur Henry Chamberlain 

THE "See America First" idea had just begun to take hold 
of the American mind, when the great European conflict 
was opened. Many who, year by year, have spent their 
vacation months in Europe or the Orient, turned their thoughts 
to the "homeland." Thousands of world travelers from the 
Atlantic side of the continent, but who had never been "West" — 
beyond Pittsburg or Cincinnati, have had visions of the land of 
the Sundown-sea. Those who do not come this year will journey 
westward in the months to come. 

No other country in the world has so much out-of-door rich- 
ness as has our Western Wonderlands. The high Sierras with 
their myriad peaks and glacier covered sides; the Big Trees; the 
Yosemite National Park ; the Coast ; the all-year bathing beaches ; 
the wonderful islands of the Pacific, — these offer unparalleled 
attractions. Lake Tahoe and other mountain lakes in Cali- 
fornia, with Crater Lake and Lake Chelan in the north, have no 
counterparts. And Yellowstone National Park and the Grand 
Canyon of Arizona are reproduced nowhere else in all of 
Nature's story book. 

The following is but a suggestion of the wonders to be found 
in this land opening outward to the Pacific. 



THE YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK 

LYING almost due east of San Francisco, a distance of one 
hundred miles, and in the very heart of the most pic- 
turesque portion of the Sierra Nevada System of moun- 
tains, is the wonderful Yosemite National Park. It is thirty- 
six miles from north to south and a half hundred from east to 
west. The valley proper, and that portion best known to vis- 
itors, is some seven miles in length, and from a half mile to a 
mile in width. This famous valley is a part of that of the 
Merced River. This river winds its way through the canyon 
and flows on to join the waters of the San Joaquin. 

Yosemite Valley, unlike most canyons cut deeply into the 
earth, is easily accessible. Through Pullman cars run from 
San Francisco on both the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe roads, 
connecting at Merced with the Yosemite Valley Railroad. 

101 




iii 



There is also an observation car train, from Merced on the 
Yosemite Valley Railroad to El Portal. This is a comfortable 
ride of 78 miles up to the picturesque canyon of the Merced 
River, and is well worth the trip. At El Portal is a splendid 
hotel. An auto coach carries you twelve miles into the Valley. 
As in the old days before the railroad, a stage coach makes 
daily trips from Raymond on the line of the Southern Pacific. 
This is a beautiful ride of 65 miles, past the Mariposa Big Trees. 

The valley floor lies nearly level on either side of the river, 
and is covered with grass and flowers of many varieties. Foli- 
age is abundant and groves of trees are everywhere seen. On 
either side of the valley, the walls rise to a height of 2000 to 
3000 feet, in some instances almost perpendicularly. Many of 
the highest peaks tower 1200 to 1500 feet above these walls. 

Of all the national "play grounds" that Uncle Sam has set 
aside for the use of our people, the Yosemite National Park is 
perhaps the most varied and interesting. As you stand upon 
the rim at Inspiration Point and look down into the valley, a 
view of rare beauty and grandeur is spread out before you. 
The river finds its course through the center of the valley. 
Massive domes look down from their summits above the clouds 
and see themselves reflected in the clear waters of the Merced. 
Spires and minarets rivaling all the famous cathedrals of Europe 
and the storied East, stand silently silhouetted against the clear 
blue of the sky, their tracery as clean cut as if chiseled and 
carved by the hand of a Phydias. Water falls slide down the 
sheer faces of cliffs or drop far out beyond the base of the 
valley wall and break into spray and mist. Far up the valley 
lies Mirror Lake, and over at the right the Happy Isles. 

The most famous dome is El Capitan or "The Captain," 
rising just on your left to a height of over 3000 feet. On one 
side it is almost perpendicular. Farther beyond on the same 
side are the Three Brothers. Cathedral Spires stand across the 
valley to the right, and beyond them on the same side Glacier 
Point rises abruptly from the valley floor. From the over- 
hanging rocks on Glacier Point, the cattle grazing in the 
meadows three-fifths of a mile below, appear no larger than 
sheep. Still further away, and in the center of the picture is 
Half Dome, looking as if some giant cleaver had cut its way 
through the solid wall of rock leaving the flat side to look out 
and down the valley. 

103 




Aeroplane View of Yosemite Valley. Showing Principal Points of Interest. 



4— Bridal Vail Falls 
10 — El Capitan 

11— 12— 13— The Three Brothers 
18 — Glacier Point 
19— Yosemite Falls 
20— Royal Arches 



25— Half Dome 
26 — Mirror Lake 
27— Vernal Falls 
28— Nevada Falls 
32— Little Yosemite 
33— Clouds Rest 



104 



The thunder of waters is in your ears as you approach one 
of the many waterfalls. Yosemite Falls, one of the most re- 
nowned falls in the world, leaps over a cliff 2600 feet high. The 
fall is divided into three parts, the highest of which is nine 
times the height of Niagara. Bridal Veil Falls, opposite El 
Capitan, is 900 feet high, and the Nevada and Vernal Falls, 
reached on the road to Glacier Point, are known for their 
beauty. As the waters from these falls strike the floor beneath 
or a projecting rock, they break into spray and there arises a 
mist painted as if upon a canvas in the most beautiful colors of 
the rainbow. 

A visit to Mirror Lake in the early morning reveals to you 
reflection after reflection of the silent mountain peaks that stand 
guard in the upper valley, — amongst them North Dome and Mt. 
Watkins. A trip around the valley floor should include the 
Happy Isles, Tenaya Creek, the Indian Camp, Royal Arches 
and the Le Conte Memorial, erected in honor of Professor 
Joseph Le Conte, who did so much to create interest in the 
valley. There may be accorded those with patience a view of 
John Muir's cabin hid deep within the foliage near Lost Arrow- 
Trail. And a trip up the trail to Glacier Point, with a stop at 
Vernal and Nevada Falls, and return by the wonderful balanced 
Agassiz Rock, will never be forgotten. 

There are two groves of Pig Trees featured from the Yosem- 
ite : the Tuolumne, which requires only three hours' additional 
time, and the Mariposa Grove, requiring only one day additional 
time. The trip to both of these groves is made in comfortable 
automobile stages. 

As we leave the valley witb regret, we pause once more at 
the rim to look back upon the beauties spread below and 
beyond. There winds the turbulent Merced on its way outward 
to join the San Joaquin. El Capitan raises its towering head 
majestically to the sky. The falls of the Yosemite seem to 
beckon us with a myriad silvery fingers. Glacier Point stands 
a silent sentinel with thousands of years of sunshine upon its 
head. Where the valley walls seem to meet in the distance, 
Mirror Lake rests as a diamond in its setting, and away yonder 
Little Yosemite and the hundred snow-crowned peaks of the 
Sierras are bidding us Good-bye and .Godspeed. As we turn 
reluctantly away, our only regret is that all the world cannot 
keep holiday with us in this Nature's masterpiece of the out- 
of-doors. 

105 



THE BIG TREES 

OF all the big trees in the world, the largest and most 
remarkable are the "Big Trees" of California. They are 
found only on the western slopes of the Sierras. There 
are more than a dozen of these groves, amongst them the Mari- 
posa, Calaveras and Tuolumne. Those who have not seen these 
big trees have little idea of their immense size and beauty. No 
picture or description can begin to do them justice. 

The Mariposa is the best known and most easily reached of 
all the groves. It is accessible from the Yosemite Valley, and 
a delightful stage ride is offered those who make the valley a 
starting point for the grove. There is also a stage line between 
the Mariposa Trees and Raymond. 

These trees grow at an altitude of from 3500 to 8000 feet. 
In some instances, trees may grow many feet or rods apart, and 
again, several trees may be standing close together. As you 
approach a group of these trees, you begin to realize you are in 
the presence of the oldest living things in the world. Thousands 
of years ago some of them were old. They had been growing 
for centuries when Christ was upon earth. Yet today they are 
apparently in their prime. They rise to a height of 250 to 350 
feet, many of them standing more than 325 feet high. 

The trunks of these forest monarchs are symmetrical in 
form, and so regular and cylindrical as to cause one to wonder 
how they could have grown so. In the older and larger trees, 
the first limbs are frequently seventy-five feet from the ground. 
These limbs where they branch from the trunk are in some 
cases as large as the largest trees in the eastern part of our 
country, and grow almost at right angles to the tree. 

If you were to cut one of these trees across the trunk at the 
foot, you would have a platform upon which you could place a 
dwelling house of good size. In the Mariposa Grove, the 
"Grizzly Giant" is 104 feet in circumference at the base. Two 
or three trees now standing in less accessible groves are close 
rivals of the Grizzly Giant, but the latter is considered by many 
to be the largest tree in the world. 

The bark of the big trees is very thick, frequently more than 
three feet. In color there is no other tree with which they may 
be compared. The color varies from a light golden brown to a 
mahogany, but whether in the sunshine or in the shadow, there 
is a sheen of soft mat or velvety finish that makes even the 

107 



largest tree seem delicate. The proportions are as perfect as a 
Grecian column and no monument or architectural wonder can 
rival them in beauty and dignity. 

The age of a tree is determined by counting its rings. Each 
year a ring is added, composed of a growth of dark and a 
growth of light colored wood. The dark wood is added in the 
dry season when there is little sap flowing and when the chem- 
ical matter is going into the tree. The light wood is added in 
the rainy or wet season when the sap is flowing freely. The 
light wood is usually softer than the dark wood. One light and 
one dark growth form one annual ring. Trees that have been 
partly burned or have fallen to the ground have been examined 
and the age can then be estimated. 

Another wonderful thing about these trees is the fact that 
burning or cutting does not stop the growth. Whole sections 
have been taken from the center of the trunk of a mammoth 
tree, making an opening through which a great stage coach can 
pass. Such trees are thrifty and still growing. 

These big trees are appropriately named Sequoia Gigantea. 
Our Government has quite properly set these groves apart so 
that people for all time and from every country can visit and 
enjoy them. 

The Sequoia Gigantea, found only on the western slopes of 
the Sierra Nevada, and usually at an elevation of a mile or 
more, must not be confused with the Sequoia Sempervirens, 
or redwood. The redwood is the tree of commerce and is found 
in extensive forests on the west or ocean side of the Coast range. 

Probably at one time there were many "Big Trees." As the 
glaciers pushed themselves down they no doubt swept over all 
but the big trees that now remain, these being protected by the 
mountains. 

The Gigantea is an evergreen. Its cones are small and shapclv. 
The root is slight, and as there is little foliage, it has been though! 
that the tree secures nourishment from the atmosphere through 
the bark. 



108 




For eight thousand years the "Grizzly Giant" has been lifting aloft his head. 

He is still young, green and growing amid his companions in the Mariposa Big 

Tree Grove, California. 

— Chamberlain Photo. 



109 











;' 



LAKE TAHOE 

HIGH up in the Sierras, and on the boundary between 
California and Nevada, is Lake Tahoe. This is one of 
the most beautiful bodies of water in the world. It lies 
at an elevation of over 6200 feet. The lake is twenty-three 
miles long and twelve miles wide. A stone dropped from a 
boat would fall 1700 feet to the bed of the lake. The water is 
perfectly clear and of the most intense blue. This is caused by 
the great depth of the lake and the fact that high mountains 
completely surround it. 

The old overland trail passed through the present town of 
Truckee. It is only fifteen miles from the railroad station at 
this place to Lake Tahoe. The railroad from Truckee winds 
along the Truckee River, famous for its fishing". Yosemite 
Valley is seventy-five miles to the south of Tahoe and the entire 
region between is filled with snow-clad mountain peaks, glacial 
lakes and great forest trees. 

Tahoe is set in the center of a wonderful lake region. These 
smaller bodies of water are all the result of glacial action. A 
steamer will carry you entirely around the lake, or you may stop 
at the various hotels and camps that are scattered along the 
shores. There is boating, bathing, fishing", and, in the moun- 
tains that reach down to the waters' edge, there is game of 
many kinds. Cottages and tents are everywhere seen amidst 
the trees that grow along the shores of the lake. 

Fallen Leaf Lake lies adjoining Lake Tahoe, Washoe Lake 
is farther away and not far from Carson City, while only a short 
distance from Truckee is Donner Lake, made famous by the 
Donner partv in their ill-fated venture in the winter of 1847. 
Emerald Bay stretches its calm waters invitingly inland, and 
within easy distance of the hotels and camps are many spots 
interesting to the visitor. 

No other lake in the world so easy of access furnishes the 
attractions that does Lake Tahoe, the "Gem of the Sierras." 
The ever-changing color of its waters, the charm of its setting, 
its elevation, depth and size, and the many trails, and snow-clad 
mountain peaks that rise on every hand, make of Tahoe a region 
of the rarest beauty. 



Ill 



GRAND CANYON OF ARIZONA 

IN the southwestern part of the United States and located 
near the northwest corner of Arizona, is the most wonder- 
ful gash that we find on the surface of the earth. This is 
the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River. At the bottom of 
this canyon the Colorado River dashes and tumbles against the 
rocks on its way to the Gulf of California. The river is in some 
places more than a mile below the rim of the canyon, which in 
its widest part is twelve miles from side to side of the canyon 
at the top. 

As you travel along the Santa Fe Railroad, which runs some 
seventy-five miles to the south of the canyon, you have no idea 
of the proximity of this wonderful gorge. A branch railway will 
carry you from Williams to the very edge of the canyon, where 
a splendid hotel has been built and where Bright Angel Trail 
leads to the river below. 

From the rim you can look out upon the cliffs, spires and 
domes upon which Nature has lavished the most beautiful 
colors. Some sections or strata of the rocks are a bright red, 
some yellow, some green, and various other brilliant hues. The 
water and weather have cut the sides of the canyon into weird 
shapes. There are pinnacles, terraces and promontories. Only 
an occasional shrub or small tree is seen growing on the imme- 
diate rim or canyon side. 

As you gaze across twelve miles of space, you find it diffi- 
cult to realize that this mighty chasm was formed by running 
water. And there, far below like a silvery ribbon is the turbu- 
lent Colorado; so far below is it that no sound of its waters 
reaches your ears. You may walk along the rim, catching 
glimpses of an ever changing panorama, or you may take a 
saddle horse or go on foot to the river below. This trip is 
perfectly safe, and return to the hotel can be made in one day. 

Years ago Major Powell and his Indian guides explored the 
Colorado River and drifted down through the canyon at great 
risk. Since then scientists and explorers have visited this mar- 
velous region. The canyon proper seems to be made up of 
many branch canyons, rolled and tumbled together. The depth, 
the distance from rim to rim, the coloring, the massiveness and 
grandeur of this region fill the observer with awe and an over- 
powering sense of this natural wonder. There is nothing in the 



113 




THE GRAND CANYON 
The Colorado River dashes through the gorge, 6000 feet below the rim 

— Chamberlain, Photo 



114 



CRATER LAKE 

WHEN our Government finds a natural wonder such 
as a lake, a forest or a canyon, that is of some 
special interest, and the like of which there is no 
where else in the world, it frequently sets it apart as a part of a 
national park. This it has done in the case of Crater Lake and 
the country surrounding it. This lake is situated in south cen- 
tral Oregon, at the very summit of the Cascade Range of 
Mountains. It is nearly circular in shape and about five miles 
in diameter, and one of the deepest inland bodies of water in the 
world, being, in its deepest part, almost 2000 feet. 

Crater Lake is at an elevation of over 6000 feet. It lies in 
a kind of cup and is practically surrounded by cliffs that rise 
from 500 to 2000 feet. Toward one side of the lake, and sepa- 
rated from the mainland by Skell Channel, is Wizard Island. 
As the water is so deep and the cliffs are so high and unbroken, 
the water is of an intense blue color, and so clear that if a tin 
pie plate be dropped into the lake, it can be seen to a tremen- 
dous depth as it sinks toward the bottom. 

Crater Lake lies in what was once a great active volcano, 
but which long ago became extinct. During one of Nature's 
convulsions about fourteen cubic miles of the mountain were 
engulfed, forming a great bowl-like basin. It is this bowl that 
holds beautiful Crater Lake. The rim of this old crater com- 
mands some of the most picturesque scenery in the mountain 
country. The lake is easily reached by stage or automobile from 
Medford, on the Southern Pacific Railway to the west, or one 
may go in from Klamath Falls on the southeast. 

When calm the surface of the lake is a perfect mirror, and 
so blue is the water that you can imagine it a gigantic tub into 
which barrels of blueing have been emptied. In a storm the 
waves beat in fury against the shore. In the winter months the 
country round about is covered by many feet of snow. In the 
park are many pines, hemlocks and spruces. 

Crater Lake Lodge is a most comfortable home for visitors. 
Excursions may be made around the lake in row boats or 
launches and trips along the rim afford ever new mountain 
scenes. In the center of Wizard Island one may descend about 
one hundred and fifty feet into the mouth or crater of an 
extinct volcano. The road from Crater Lake to Ft. Klamath 
on the south leads along Anna Creek, which with its deep 
canyons and brilliant colorings is well worth a visit. 



YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 

IN northwestern Wyoming and reaching over into Montana 
on the north and Idaho on the west, is a stretch of country 
nearly square and three times the area of the State of 
Rhode Island. This is the Yellowstone National Park. The 
Yellowstone River winds through the center of the region in a 
general south to north direction. Scattered through the park 
are springs of hot and cold water, and geysers that throw 
streams of water many feet into the air. Some of the forma- 
tions or terraces formed by the sediment in the hot water, are 
of the most brilliant colors and the sulphur hills and mud vol- 
canos are very wonderful. 

The falls of the Yellowstone River are amongst the finest in 
the world, the Great or Lower Fall being more than three hun- 
dred feet high. The deep canyon of the Yellowstone rivals in 
the brilliancy of its coloring that of any canyon in the world. 
The Yellowstone Lake towards the southeast portion of the 
park, is a large, irregularly shaped body of water, at an elevation 
of more than seven thousand seven hundred feet above the sea. 
This lake, Yellowstone River and nearly all the streams in the 
park, abound in many species of trout. 

Of the many geysers the most famous is Old Faithful. This 
sends a stream of water into the air a distance of 125 to 150 feet 
regularly every sixty-five minutes. The eruption continues for 
a period of from five to eight minutes. The Riverside, Oblong, 
Giant, Castle, Grotto and numerous other geysers play at 
more or less regular intervals. 

Animals abound throughout the park. Bears are so tame 
around the camps that they will take food from the hand. 
There are mountain sheep, deer, moose, antelope in abundance, 
elk by the thousand, and more than 200 buffalo, a herd of 
which may be seen any time at Mammoth Hot Springs. All of 
the animals are protected. No better example of the work of the 
beaver in making his house and dam are anywhere to be found 
than here in the park. Traveling throughout the park is easy, 
as the ground is relatively level. The Northern Pacific Railway 
brings one to the northern and original entrance at Gardiner. 

It is a strange sight to see these geysers spouting water 
high into the air. In some instances, as with the Oblong 
Geysers, or Giantess, the throat or opening is in the form of a 
circular pool, and when the stream is not being thrown skyward, 

116 



the surface of the pool is in motion as if some tremendous fire 
were underneath. The Beehive Geyser is shaped as a cone, or 
beehive, and the eruptions are from a circular opening in the 
top. When the water falls back it flows down the side of the 
cone and as the water cools there is gradually built up what aretf 
called formations. These are made by the solid or mineral 
substances — silica largely — that are held in solution. It is a 
most wonderful experience to coach for several days through 
"Geyserland," where one may live comfortably and at moderate 
expense at the best hotels. 




In "Geyserland," Yellowstone National Park. Every seven hours for a period 
of 15 to 20 minutes Riverside Geyser plays a constant stream of water 100 feet 
into the air. — Chamberlain Photo 

117 



EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES OF OAKLAND 
By A. C. Barker, Superintendent of Schools 




F 



R( >A1 the standpoint of 
educational opportunity, 
( lakland is very for- 
tunately situated. The city 
contains many church and 
private schools of recognized 
merit, of both preparatory and 
college grade, and Mills Col- 
lege, the most widely known 
institution in the West de 
voted exclusively to the higher 
education of young women. It 
is within a few minutes' ride 
of the University of California, 
and but a short distance from 
Stanford University. Proximity 
to these institutions has in- 
sured a high standard of ex- 
cellence in the Oakland Public 
Schools. 
In the City of Oakland during the past ten years, nineteen 
completely new and modern schools and extended additions to 
sites and grounds have been provided. The buildings are so 
constructed that future additions will be easy.. All are pro- 
vided with the latest and best systems of sanitation, heating 
and ventilation. Nearly all contain, in addition to the regular 
class rooms, an assembly hall, stereopticon room, neighborhood 
club room, library, kindergarten, nurses' room with bath, prin- 
cipal's suite, teachers' rest room, teachers' lunch room, children's 
lunch rooms, boiler and fan rooms, and, in the grammar schools 
manual training rooms, domestic science and art rooms, and 
kitchens attached to the teachers' lunch rooms. In all of the 
new buildings, use of the simplex windows makes it possible 
to convert each class room practically into an open-air room 
with the added advantage that temperature, ventilation and 
light can be regulated to better advantage. 



119 



The present school plan includes forty-seven main school 
buildings, beside portables, shops, etc., twenty of which are 
of either brick or concrete. The equipment of all the schools 
is being rapidly improved and modernized. Adjustable seats 
are replacing the old types of furniture that fit neither the 
larger nor the smaller pupils of a grade, and as rapidly as pos- 
sible modern sanitary appliances and provisions for fire protec- 
tion are being added to the old buildings. 

The city has provided for the play and recreation of its chil- 
dren, and for the future expansion of its school buildings. 
Nearly all of the downtown schools own at least a city block, 
and many of the newer schools have more. The Lockwood 
School, for instance, has nearly eighteen acres in connection 
with the main buildings. The campus of the new Technical 
High School includes eight acres. Several of the others have 
grounds nearly as large. This year the grounds of thirty of the 
schools have been equipped as regular playgrounds under the 
direction of the Municipal Recreation Department. This equip- 
ment includes steel playground and gymnasium apparatus and 
provision for the various forms of athletics and group games. 
The consulting landscape architect of the city is providing 
plans for the ornamentation of these grounds, and the planting 
of trees, shrubs and lawns is proceeding as rapidly as funds will 
permit. Of these, ten are particularly well equipped and are 
kept open after school hours on school days, and all day on 
Saturdays, on holidays, and during vacations. On each ground 
at all such times two special instructors, one for boys and one 
for girls, are employed. The other twenty grounds are kept 
open as playgrounds after school on school days, and each has 
a play teacher in charge. 

One of the more recent developments of the Oakland sys- 
tem is the expansion of kindergartens. In August, 1912, there 
were only seven kindergartens; but under the provisions of the 
new State law. which became effective in 1913, twenty-nine 
more have been established. 

One of the unique features of the Oakland schools is the 
flexible promotion system, whereby either classes or individuals 
may be promoted at any time during the year. The records 
show that many pupils are able to make two. or even more pro- 
motions in a single term. 

120 



Manual training and domestic science and art are given to 
all pupils of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth grades. A great 
deal of emphasis is placed on music and drawing throughout 
the schools. An especially noteworthy feature of the high 
school work in Oakland is the instruction in music. During 
the past term the music classes have given a scries of concerts 
at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition for the purpose 
of demonstrating the work in school music as it is conducted 
in Oakland. 

Even in the upper grades of the elementary school these 
two subjects have a slightly vocational aspect. There are at 
present thirty-three school bands and thirty school orchestras 
in the city. Special attention is given to concert work, and 
steps have already been taken toward community service in the 
way of public concerts. A great many of the more expensive 
instruments for these organizations are furnished by the Board 
of Education. 

The health supervision of the schools is entrusted to a 
director, an assistant director and nine nurses. 

There is a psychological clinic or child study laboratory, 
where children whose mental or nervous condition requires 
special care are sent. Special classes are maintained for back- 
ward children and those needing peculiar individual attention 
for nervous or mental disorders. Several ungraded classes are 
also maintained. There are also special classes for immigrants 
learning English, a class in preparation for citizenship, open-air 
classes for anemic children, and a class for the deaf. 

Worthy of special mention in connection with the ele- 
mentary schools is a new type of school known as the Voca- 
tional High School, which was opened on January 4, 1915. This 
is a trade school, the purpose of which is to provide preparatory 
trade and related academic instruction for boys and girls who 
have the ability and the desire to engage in practical wage- 
earning occupations, and to continue at the same time a general 
education, but who feel that they cannot afford the time for a 
four-year high school course. 

The evening schools of the city are open to al! young people 
or adults of Oakland who are desirous of pursuing regular 
academic branches, or who are interested in some special line 
of trade or commercial or cultural work. 

121 



There are several grammar schools, in which a somewhat 
more flexible course is offered in the seventh and eighth grades 
than in the regular elementary schools. A pupil may elect, in 
addition to the prescribed fifteen hours, from ten to fifteen hours 
of departmental work in drawing, manual training, foreign lan- 
guage or English literature. 

The University High School is a small six-year high school, 
including the last two years of the grammar school course. The 
chief advantage of the school is that gained from small classes 
and individual instruction. Each student receives some instruc- 
tion from an experienced teacher, who is an expert in his line, 
and he comes into contact with several carefully supervised 
graduate students from the University, who lend the inspira- 
tion and enthusiasm of youth to the daily tasks. It is con- 
fidently expected that this school may be looked upon in the 
near future as a model school, to which both teachers and 
pupils may turn as a storehouse of the best ideas upon educa- 
tion, and may attain to the standing in the West which the 
Horace Mann School of Columbia University has long held in 
the East. 



OAKLAND N. E. A. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

Owen E. Hotle, Chairman. 
J. W. Preston, Secretary. 

Lewis B. Avery, Hotels. 
A. C. Barker, Exposition. 
Glen C. Barnhart, Printing. 

E. Morris Cox, Advance Memberships. 
Arthur PI. Chamberlain, Headquarters. 
J. Y. Eccleston, Finance and Auditing. 
George W. Frick, Information. 

W. D. Forbes, Trains and Transportation. 

F. L. Hanna, Excursions. 

Dr. A. S. Kelly, Decoration and Badges. 
Charles E. Keyes, Halls. 
Miss Elizabeth Sherman, Hospitality. 
President Benjajnin Ide Wheeler, Invitation. 
Glenn Woods, Music. 



122 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 

WHILE 5300 students crowd the buildings of the Uni- 
versity of California at Berkeley, it is difficult to 
think that in 1868, when the College of California 
was first chartered by the State as a public institution, but four 
or five students constituted the normal enrollment in any one 
class. Now it is considered surprising if fewer than 1500 fresh- 
men register for an academic year, and it is an ordinary thing 
to see in the sunny Greek Theater on Commencement Day 
eight or nine hundred graduates receiving diplomas signifying 
completion of various courses leading to the 15 degrees now 
granted by the University of California. Originally founded in 
Oakland as a private college, the University has flourished since 
its inception as a public institution in the foothills of Berkeley, 
until now it stands second in the country in the matter of enroll- 
ment, the leading University in this respect being Columbia 
University in the City of New York. For the year 1915 it is 




Library 



123 



estimated thai 'HHio persons will have profited directly l>v CJni 
versity instruction and 60,000 indirectly through University 
Extension. 

The presenl campus al Berkeley consists of 270 acres, and it 
is on this plot oi ground thai the main departments oi instruc 
tion arc located, as well as the administration of the University. 
Bu1 while this is the scat of learning it must not be Forgotten 
that throughout the Stair various branches oi the University's 
activities exist the Lick Observatory at Mount Hamilton, the 
San Francisco Institute of Art. the Hastings College of Law, 
the College ol Medicine, the George Williams Cooper Founda 
tion For Medical Research, the College of Dentistry, the School 
of Pharmacy and the Museum of Anthropology arc all located 
iii the neighboring city oi San Francisco, twelve miles away 
across the bay. There is a College of Medicine in Los A.ngel v es, 
.in Agricultural School at Davis, a School 6i Tropical Agricul 
ture at Riverside, a laboratory at Whittier, the Scripps [nstitu 
tion for Biological Research at La folia, and the Herzstein 




California Hall. 



Library . 



Boalt Hall of Law. 



124 



Laboratory at Pacific Grove. There is a Citrus Experiment 
Station in Mcloland, Imperial County; a forest in Tulare County 
and the great M. Theodore Kearney Estate in Fresno County. 
These are all branches of the University, and through them the 
University is able to reach the people of the State effectively 
and readily, and many of the branches of instruction can be thus 
given greater specialization, as agriculture and the reseach 
sciences. 

It would be a tiresome thing to recapitulate by name the 
various departments of instruction in the academic organization 
at Berkeley. It is far more interesting to turn to the student 
side of University life and see just of what color and of what 
spirit it is. Dr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler, who became I 'resident 
of the University of California in 1899, after a succession of 
distinguished predecessors, granted to the students some years 
after his inauguration, the priceless privilege of student self- 
government. This system is now in operation and works with 
such remarkable success that in his book on "Great American 
Universities," E. E. Slosson comments on it as being a scheme 
which actually works in counter-distinction to those written 
plans of student direction which arc ineffective. 

While the growth of the University of California in recent 
years has been nothing short of remarkable, such a growth has 
sprung from the loyalty and generosity of the people of the 
State, whose University it is, and who have come with the years 
to look to it for intellectual guidance and leadership, not only 
in educational matters, but in all concerns which affect the 
advancement of the great State of California. 



125 




ALAMEDA COUNTY SCHOOLS 
Typical One-Teacher School. 
Pleasanton Grammar School. 
Hayward Union High School. 



ALAMEDA COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

One of the most populous and centrally located counties in 
the State is Alameda county. Within its confines are several 
important cities, including those of Oakland, Berkeley and 
Alameda. Its strategic position at the Ray gives it a peculiar 
prominence commercially, and the fertility of its soil and 
congenial climate make agriculture, horticulture and all forms of 
fruit raising profitable. 

As to the quality of its schools, Alameda county has long 
been known to be in the front rank. The high salaries paid 
teachers, the generosity of its citizens in providing liberally for 
the carrying on of schools, and the high professional standard 
demanded in the teaching bod)-, have advanced Alameda county 
educationally. 

In the past few years many new buildings have been erecti 1 
in the county, both in the cities and the rural districts. The 
tendency is toward large school grounds and modern buildings. 

During the few years past there have been many notable 
changes in the school system of the county. The course of 
study has been simplified; examination for graduation from the 
grammar schools largely eliminated ; a system of accrediting 
schools established, and an opportunity afforded for teaching 
industrial subjects, such as sewing and cooking for the girls and 
manual training for the boys. In many districts a course in 
agriculture is in force. Night schools for adults are being estab- 
lished, thus to meet the popular demand and to complete the 
educational system. 

The rural schools in Alameda county are particularly for- 
tunate in that no pupil is far removed from school, or from high 
school facilities of the best. Not only in the cities, but in the 
small towns, the high schools are superior. A system of inter- 
urban lines and fine roads and boulevards makes the transporta- 
tion problem a simple one. Then the large number of institu- 
tions of higher learning in the county, including the University 
of California, give to the students facilities nowhere surpassed. 

The County Superintendent of Schools, Mr. George W. 
Frick, has served for several terms in his county, and knows 
thoroughly the needs of every community and the adaptabdity 
of each teacher to the particular position she occupies. Under 
his direction the schools are making marked progress. 

127 



SAN FRANCISCO 
The Financial, Commercial and Industrial Metropolis of the 

Pacific Coast. 

To those who view the wonders of the Exposition and appre- 
ciate the magnitude of the task which has resulted in the com- 
pletion of the "Jewel City" — a city unsurpassed for beauty of 
color and architecture — there comes no wonder that in the nine 
years succeeding the disaster which laid it low, San Francisco 
should have risen to greater prominence than ever among the 
large cities of the country. 

Situated on the deep-water side of the largest land-locked 
harbor in the world, it is the natural distributing center for Cali- 
fornia and the Pacific Coast. Behind it the great and fertile 
valleys of Sacramento, San Joaquin, Santa Clara, Sonoma and 
Napa, the products of which are shipped to all parts of the world 
from San Francisco. Before it the increasing markets of the 
Orient and of Central and South America. San Francisco is pre- 
destined to commercial supremacy. 

The city and county is 46J/2 square miles in area and its pop- 
ulation is conservatively estimated at 528.000. Since 1906 more 
than $471,000,000 has been spent in public and private buildings 
in San Francisco. This exceeds the amount spent on the con- 
struction of the Panama Canal. The city's wharves are modern 
in every respect and equipped with spur track facilities. The 
exports from San Francisco to foreign ports during 1014 
amounted to $65,979,673 and to Atlantic ports, by sea, during 
the same year, $26,559,101. 

The bank clearings for 1914 were $2,516,004,816, which was 
over $165,000,000 more than the combined bank clearings of the 
next three largest Pacific Coast cities. Of the eleven prin- 
cipal cities of the country, San Francisco has the lowest per- 
centage of mortgage indebtedness on real estate. 

The conflagration of 1906 burned 497 city blocks, or four 
square miles, in the very heart of the city; 2800 buildings were 
destroyed in three days. The entire business district was a 
waste of ashes, yet, without the loss of a day, those who suf- 
fered and lost most commenced and carried to completion the 
rehabilitation of their stricken city. And at the same time they 
have builded a city within a city — the Exposition City, which 
represents an investment of $50,000,000. beginning with a 

128 



nucleus of $4,000,000, subscribed by the citizens of San Fran- 
cisco in two hours at a mass meeting held at the Merchants' 
Exchange on April 28, 1910. 

The Exposition extends two and one-half miles along the 
southern shore of San Francisco Bay and covers 635 acres. 
There are three main divisions — the central, containing the 
exhibit palaces and courts; the western, containing the foreign 
buildings and live stock section, race track, aviation and athletic 
fields; the eastern, containing the amusement concessions 




Mission Doloros de San Francisco d'Assisi. Established 1776. The original 
Mission, the exterior restored, is located at Sixteenth and Dolores streets, San 
Francisco. 

129 



INDEX TO PUBLICITY SECTION 

Alameda County Publicity Commission 118-127 

American Tellurian Mfg. Co 135 

Alaska Steamship Company 145 

American Book Company 149 

American Rattan & Reed Manufacturing Co 187 

Angelus Hotel Company 187 

Anti-Saloon League 156 

Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company 1 12-114 

Binney & Smith Company 136-137 

Boynton-Esterly Teachers' Agency 172 

Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co 171 

California School of Arts and Crafts 186 

Camp Curry 142-143 

Cardinell- Vincent Co 185 

College Hall . 184 

Colonial Cafeteria Co 170 

Columbia Graphophone Company 140-141 

Fisk Teachers' Agency 172 

Golden West Tours, Inc 168-169 

Grand Canyon of Arizona 186 

Gregg Publishing Company 174-175 

Hotel Raraona 134 

Romeyn B. Hough Company 144 

Inside Inn Hotel Co 183 

Kewaunee Manufacturing Co 171 

Laird & Lee, Inc 138 

Elizabeth McCormick Memorial Fund 159 

G. & C. Merriam Company 167 

Mills College 163 

Bert M. Morris Co 136-137 

National Women's Christian Temperance Union 157 

Northern Pacific Railway Company 116-117 

Northwestern Pacific Railroad Co 155 

Oakland Bank of Savings 170 

Panama Canal Exhibition Co 186 

The A. N. Palmer Co 176177 

Pasadena 146 

Peninsular Land and Investment Company 189 

Pomona Chamber of Commerce 158 

G. P. Putnam's Sons l u <> 

Remington Typewriter Company 178-180 

San Francisco 128-129 

Shea & Lofquist, Architects 183 

Singer Sewing Machine Company 160 

Henry C. Smith, Architect 139 

A. G. Spalding & Bros 133 

Southern Pacific Company 150- 151 

Standard Oil Company 164-165 

Standard Commercial School 173 

Stanley Rule & Level Company 166 

Teachers' Casualty Underwriters 147 

Tehauntepec (Mexican Village) 186 

The Viavi Company 161 

Victor Talking Machine Co 152-153 

The Waldcraft Co 183 

C. F. Weber & Co 182 

Whitcomb & Barrows 154 

World Book Company 130 

Yawman & Erbe Manufacturing Co . 181 

Yosemite Stage and Turnpike Co 107-109 

Yosemite Valley Railroad Co 100-105 

Zaner & Bloser 162 



INTRODUCTION TO PUBLICITY SECTION 



Those who have contributed articles to these 
pages are educators and writers of note ; many of 
them of national and international reputation. 
Great care has been exercised as well in the selec- 
tion of those advertisements that appear in the 
publicity section of the book. Announcements are 
included of those organizations only for whose 
reputation the teaching body can stand sponsor. 

We call particular attention not alone to the 
quality of the advertising, but to its appropriate- 
ness. Wheher setting forth the value of school sup- 
plies and equipment, books, educational institutions, 
resorts, tours and lines of travel, industrial or social 
organizations or other factors, the definite relation 
to the teacher, the pupils, and the general public 
will be noted. 

Not only will these advertisements make their 
appeal during the period of the convention ; the 
material in many of the writeups and advertise- 
ments will be used as the basis for supplementary 
work in the schools. The great diversity, the qual- 
ity, and the importance of this advertising justifies 
us in calling particular attention to the following 
pages. We request your patronage of these firms 
and invite you to visit and study the exhibits men- 
tioned. — (Editor.) 



131 




Books that apply the world's 
knowledge to the world's needs" 

To realize the ideal expressed in the above motto, 
and to do it artistically, intelligently, truthfully, 
and fearlessly, is the highest aim a publishing 
institution can set before itself, and demands the 
right books and the right men behind them. 
World Book Company has, since its establishment 
in 1905, devoted itself with unswerving loyalty to 
this ideal, and through its corps of educational 
experts in its studios and laboratories and in the 
field, is constantly endeavoring to solve the edu- 
cational textbook problems. Write to this house 
for information regarding boo'-s which meet the 
most exacting educational standards as to their 
value and purpose, their efficiency as textbooks, 
as well as to their mechanical and artistic features. 




132 




Physical Education An Important 
Factor 



Do not overlook the opportunity to investigate this phase 
of the modern educational problem. It will be our pleasure 
to direct or take you around to the various playgrounds, 
gymnasiums, athletic grounds, etc. 

We cordially invite you to make our store your head- 
quarters for general information. You may be interested 
to know that we carry the largest stock of athletic goods, 
playground, and gymnasium apparatus west of Chicago. 
We invite you to inspect our display at 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

158 GEARY STREET 

One-half Block Below Union Square 
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 



133 




New Hotel Ramona 



San Francisco Headquarters 
N. E. A. 

Ample accommodations pro- 
vided for members of N. E. A. 
at the Select Hotel 

Ramona 

and affiliated hotels, all of 
which have been personally 
inspected and approved. 

Every room outside and 
with private bath 



Members are urged to go direct to Hotel Ramona, where 
they will be assigned to choice outside rooms at prices 
ranging from 75c to $2.00 per day. 

By doubling up, or going three or four in a room, single 
and double beds, expenses can be materially reduced. 

ELEGANT MEALS 

can be had as follows : 

Breakfast, 35 cts. Luncheon, 40 cts. Dinner, 75 cts. 

These Rates Special to N. E. A. 

Take the Bis: Blue Bus from Ferrv. 



vl^iifi'fti tit f ill 1 m 

lilililiiSglSlill^-^ 




Exposition Inn ten minutes' walk from Exposition 
Under Management Hotel Ramona 



134 




THE MATLICK 
TELLURIAN 



The Matlick Tellurian, the most perfect and durably con- 
structed instrument of its kind in the world, is now offered to 
all schools, being the result of a lifetime of effort and an invest- 
ment of about $100,000. 

This marvelous instrument simultaneously and correctly re- 
produces the three motions of the Earth, the revolution of the 
Moon in its own plane, the- gyration of the Moon's nodes, the 
revolution of its apsides, the sequence of solar and lunal eclipses, 
all correctly timed with reference to each other; and further, the 
axis of the earth-globe maintains the constancy of its inclination 
to the North, and the Moon rotates once on its axis during a 
revolution about the Earth, keeping always the same face toward 
the Earth. Thus the demonstration of more than one hundred 
facts and theories is made possible. 

The heads of the departments of mathematics in the univer- 
sities of Washington, Oregon and California ; the superintend- 
ents, principals and teachers of the public schools of Seattle, 
Portland and San Francisco, and a host of other educational 
authorities agree as to its scientific accuracy and mechanical 
perfection, and assert it should be placed in every grade and 
high school. 

A requisition has been secured from every school in which 
it has been demonstrated. Correspondence invited. Send for 
beautiful illustrated booklet. 

Exhibited at the meeting of the N. E. A. in Oakland. Do 
not fail to witness its demonstration there. 



AMERICAN TELLURIAN 
James Edmunds, Sales Manager. 



MFG. CO., 
Seattle, Washington. 



135 




GOLD MEDAL CRAYONS GIVEN HIGHER HONOR 

THE accompanying illustrations show the Binney & Smith Com- 
pany's exhibit of their famous Gold Medal Crayons, which have 
been given still higher honors by the Superior Jury of Awards at 
the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. 

At every Exposition held for many years, Binney & Smith Com- 
pany have taken the honors, which originated their well-known slogan 
"Gold Medal Crayons for every use." 

Their exhibit is located on the mezzanine floor in the Educational 
Palace, and was designed by and is under the direction of Bert M. Morris. 

The exhibit shows to good advantage this Company's high-grade 
crayons. The "Crayola" is featured by covering a large panel, four feet 
wide by twenty-seven feet long, with boxes of these crayons. 

The large drawings at the top are made entirely of the colored chalks, 
and show children in their playrooms, with all other toys thrown aside 
and drawing with "Crayola," illustrating its preference to any other toys. 

Below these panels is a long frieze, two feet wide by twenty-one feet 
long, made by inlaying different colored chalks in such a manner as to 
cause a mosaic effect. The design is of conventional butterflies, and is very 
artistic and well executed. This decoration alone required the efforts of 
two artists for over three weeks, as every piece of chalk was glued in 
separately in its proper place. 

On the walls below these designs are pictures made with such crayons 
as "Crayola," "Spectra," "Boston," "Durel" and other well-known 



136 




Crayons, made by this Company, showing the wonderful effects that can 
be produced with the different crayons, as they make a crayon for every 
use. Some very beautiful pictures are shown, which were made with 
the "Spectra," which is the new pastel crayon, and show the same delicate 
effects as produced by the best imported French pastels. 

On the large table in the center is shown the complete assortment of 
crayons, such as "An-Du-Septic Dustless," "B. & S. School Chalk," 
"Boston," "Durel," "Crayola" and "Staonal" Crayons. 

Artistically displayed will be seen silk sofa pillows, covers, draperies, 
etc., which have been beautifully stenciled with "Crayola," which shows 
wonderful possibilities in this direction. 

Many artists have visited this exhibit and have been very much sur- 
prised and interested in the possibilities of these crayons^which possess 
the many features of artists' crayons, but which are manufactured at a 
price within the reach of public schools. 

In making the awards, the Superior Jury took all these points into con- 
sideration, and decided that Binney & Smith were entitled to a greater 
honor than the Gold Medal, and awarded them the "Medal of Honor," 
which is the highest award made on crayons at the Panama-Pacific Expo- 
sition, and the highest award ever made on any crayons at any exposition. 

Members of the N. E. A. and visiting teachers are cordially invited to 
inspect this exhibit of Gold Medal Crayons, and to see the wonderful 
possibilities as shown by samples of work. 

The official certificate is displayed with their other gold medals at the 
exhibit in the Educational Palace. 



137 



THE LAIRD & LEE WEBSTER 

A STRONG STATEMENT 
In every State, In every school — where the Laird & Lee Webster 
Dictionary has been properly presented and honestly and intelligently 
considered— where MERIT ONLY has been the sole consideration, the 
Laird & Lee Webster has been adopted or recommended. 

If you are not using t lie Laird & Lee Webster in your schools you 
ARE NOT petting proper dictionary VALUE! You are not using I lie 
HIOST. Uriel's, sample pages, etc., explaining WHY the Laird & Lee 
Webster is the best school dictionary, will be sent on request. 

More pages, lllnetrationn, special features, new School Editions 

• words, larger type, moie substantially bonnd, gl prices from 

I better paper than any other series of Dlctiona- ' ., r t o-r nn 

ries published in America or Europe. • soc t0 ; f D - uu 

Bible-Paper Gift 

and Home Editions 

at $2.75, $3.50, $4.00 

(High School 

pla tes) and at 

$10.00 

( Encyclopedic 

Library Edition 

plates) 

$. r ) 00 $3.00 $1.50 80c 65c 35o 

WILLIAMS' LANGUAGE SERIES 

READING— CONVERSATION— COMPOSITION, by J. D. WILLIAMS 

Is based upon the belief that a complete 
story, one general thought continued throughout 
the year's work, is much to be preferred to the 
ordinary patchwork of so-called language books. 

The pupil's interest is aroused in the first 
lesson and increases with the narration. 

Interest is the largest factor in successful 
effort, and will lead the pupil along the path, 
varied and continuous, to the desired goal — 
clear thinking and clear expression. 

This beautiful story is a veritable empire, 
composed of four kingdoms of educative influ- 
ences, through which and in which the author 
asks his readers to go with him, finding pleas- 
ure and Instruction on every hand. In short, it 
is a work on Reading, Language, t:t hies. Nature. 
Cloth, 192 pages, illustrated, 40c 




READING 
CONVERSATION 
COMPOSITION 




GRADED 
LANGUAGE 

EXERCISES 




GRADED LANGUAGE EXERCISES by J. D. Williams 

The thief aim of this book is to help the 
child give correct expression to his daily experi- 
ences, so that he may discern readily the Rela- 
tion of Words in a sentence, the Relation of 
Sentences in a paragraph, the Relation of 
Paragraphs in a theme. Thus through observa- 
tion and practice his mind will become trained 
to habits of orderly thinking and he will acquire 
such facility in expression and Knowledge of the 
form side of language as will enable him to 
exercise in an intelligent and interesting man- 
ner, his gift of speech. 

Cloth, illustrated, 256 pages, 45c 



COMMON SCHOOL SPELLING BOOK 
BY FRANCES SQUIRE POTTER 

A natural and self-unfolding method of 
learning to spell. Founded upon sound peda- 
gogical principles, it makes English Spelling an 

attractive and interesting means of Education 

instead of an unrelated horror and reproach, 

Cloth, 138 pages, 25c 

SOLD WHEREVER BOOKS ARE SOLD 

Correspondence Solicited 

LAIRD & LEE, Inc. Publishers, Chicago 



138 



--^;.t. ; \^;£^"^K.. 



COMMON SCHOOL 
SIULING BOOK 




Armijo Union High School 

FAIRFIELD 

A modern high school building at Fairfield, Solano 
County, and awarded the 

Gold Medal 

Awarded by the International Jury 

in the architectural display, California exhibit, 

Palace of Education, 

Panama-Pacific 
International Exposition 

Medal awarded for beauty, proportion, style of archi- 
tecture, adaptability to needs of the school, and large re- 
turns secured for the money invested. 

Visit the California exhibit, Palace of Education, and 
see this model, and photographs of other school buildings. 

HENRY C. SMITH, Architect 

Specialist in School Architecture 

785 MARKET ST. SAN FRANCISCO 

SIXTEEN YEARS' EXPERIENCE 



139 



THE COLUMBIA IN EDUCATION 



THE Columbia Graphophone Company's educational rec- 
ords and special school Grafonolas, exhibited in the 
Liberal Arts Building of the Panama-Pacific Exposition, 
merit the attention of all who are interested in modern education. 




Columbia Exhibit, Panama-Pacific Exposition — Block 18, Liberal Arts Palace 

A survey made by leading experts, selected to review the 
educational exhibits at the Exposition, reveals the fact that the 
Columbia Company's Educational Department has a most 
unique and comprehensive list of educational records. 

There are records made in all parts of the world, and by 
nearly all the different peoples of the world. 

The list includes records to inspire patriotism and good citi- 
zenship, records designed to be used as a disciplinary force, 
records that are inspirational in characteristics and an unusual 
list of cultural music records. The use of the Columbia Graf- 
onola in physical education is demonstrated by folk-dance rec- 
ords, aesthetic dance records, gymnastic and special records for 
playground activities. There are charming story and vocal 
lesson records and complete singing systems for use in both 
public school and studio practice ; a graded list of vocal and 
instrumental music for the study of appreciation of music, 
operatic records and modern language courses. 

140 



Ear training, through imitation, is the fundamental peda- 
gogic principal or method of using these records to obtain the 
best results in the spoken work and the use of the pure musical 
voice. 

The musical sense is awakened and the musical memory is 
developed through repeated hearing of these records of the best 
in music and the best in literature. 




After viewing this exhibit, one comes away feeling the 
Columbia Educational Department is dealing with specific ele- 
mentals in a thoroughly practical manner. The cause of educa- 
tion is advanced by this additional material that definitely 
contributes to the physical, mental and cultural well-being of 
boys and girls. 

The month of August is given over to matters educational 
at the Columbia exhibit. Daily demonstrations and lectures are 
given, explaining in detail the methods which the teachers use 
in their daily work in the schoolroom with Columbia Grafonolas 
and Educational Records. 

A cordial invitation is extended to all teachers and friends, 
who attend the Panama-Pacific Exposition and the National 
Education Association's Convention, to visit the Columbia ex- 
hibit during the month of August. 

COLUMBIA GRAPHOPHONE COMPANY, 
Woolworth Building, New York City. 
(EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT.) 

141 



T 



CAMP CURRY 

[ERE is no more picturesque spot in the high Sierras, 
which is another way of saying in the world, than the 
Yosemite Valley. Known the world over among those 
who read or travel, Yosemite is placed al the head of the list of 
the marvelous wonders oi nature. It embodies as docs perhaps 
no other oi our national playgrounds, cast- of access, with 
beauty and charm and the awe inspiring grandeui of its scenery. 
The canyon, cul 3,000 Feel below the rim; the Merced river 
winding through; waterfalls half a mile in height; peaks and 
domes and spires that reach into the clouds; a flower and tree 

covered valley floor, and trails and drives and camping to the 
heart's content, these art.- sonic oi the wonders oi the 
Yosemite. 



290 guests in 1899; 5304 in 1914; 10,000 in 1915— such is the 
record of CAMP CURRY. Tucked away under the cliff known 
as Glacier Point, with the entire valley for a Front door, Camp 
Curry is one of the most delightful camps in the world and 
David V Curry one of the most efficient managers. 




Camp Curry, at the Base of Glacier Point. 



14. 



The camp embodies all the 
comforts of a modern hotel, 
with the joys of outdoor lite, 
under the bluest of blue skies 
by day, au<l the brightest ol 
bright stars by night. Excel 
lent service is had at the rale 
of $2.50 per day, or $15 per 
week. The meals at the camp 
are excellent, the tents are at 
tractive and the appointments 
are sanitary. There is express, 
mail and telephone service at 
the camp, and a postoftiee and 
a money order department, 
steam laundry, baths and swim- 
ming tank. Mail and baggage 
should be addressed to Camp 
Curry. 

Yosemite and the Curry's 
make the camp. If anyone has 
ever been disappointed in the 
valley or in Camp Curry, we 
have not heard of it. Genial, 
courteous, painstaking, David 
A. Curry is a master of his pro- 
fession, lie is as intimately 
acquainted with Yosemite and 
i he region round about as you 

Yocemite Falls, 2600 Feet High. 

are with your office or school- 
room, and he can tell vou what to see and how to see it. 




"All roads lead to Camp Curry." Go to the Yosemite. Stop 
at the Camp. See David A. Curry and you will go again and 
take your friends. 



143 



UNIQUE EXHIBIT OF AMERICAN WOODS 

Palace of Education, Mezzanine Floor, Fifth St. and Ave. A 
Above Theatre Number 2 



A most inter- 
esting and in- 
structive exhibit 
of American 
Woods, by Ro- 
meyn B. Hough 
of Lowville, N. 
Y., consists of a 
publication illus- 
trated by actual 
specimens, in the 
form of sections 
sufficiently thin to 
be examined by 
transmitted light 
and show the end, 
radial, and tan- 
gential sections of 
the grain. They 
are mounted on 
separate pages to 
facilitate exami- 
nation, and beau- 
tifully reveal char- 
acteristics, struc- 
tures, etc. An ac- 
companying text 
with each volume 
gives complete 
and full informa- 
tion as to uses, 
physical proper- 
ties of each wood, 
character and dis- 
tribution of the 
trees, etc. Tw en- 
five species, three 
sections of each, 
constitute a vol- 
ume, which is 
bound in a unique 
and appropriate 
manner. Thirteen 
<>l" the volumes have been issued, covering the woods of the United 
States; of these, five volumes are woods of the Pacific Slope. 

A companion book, Handbook of Trees (photo-descriptive) is also 
shown at the exhibit, in which the leaves, fruit, leafless branches, tree- 
trunk, etc., are photographed in their natural environment. The distribu- 
tion of each species is plotted on an individual map of the United States, 
and the photographed microscopic section. A text gives necessary infor- 
mation and a book which appeals to the novice and student alike. Also 
lantern slides of transverse sections of wood 1.400 of an inch thick, and 
photo slides of the trees, barks, fruits, etc., and microscopic mounts of 
wood are shown at this exhibit, besides a novel line of cross-section 
cards. 

YOU ARE CORDIALLY INVITED TO CALL AND SEE THIS 

EXHIBIT 




ALASKA 

UNKNOWN AND OF RARE INTEREST 

Novel Entertaining Accessible 



From now on Alaska will be constantly in the public eye. 
Every educator in the United States should know that land, 
— should study its great geological and geographical his- 
tory; its romantic story under primitive Native, Russian and 
American rule and, above all, learn something of the VERY 
LOW RATES for excursions to its wonderful fiords, bays, 
inlets, volcanoes, Indian villages and rich interior. 

To reach any and all parts of the territory write for full 
information to 

JOHN H. BUNCH, General Freight and Passenger Agent 



Alaska Steamship Company 

508 Low man Building 
Seattle, Wash. 

INVITATION TO MEMBERS OF N. E. A. 

All members of the National Education Association and 
their friends are cordially invited to use the exhibit of the 
ALASKA STEAMSHIP COMPANY in the TRANSPOR- 
TATION BUILDING as their headquarters when at the 
P.-P. I. E. 

See splendid maps, charts, and pictures and descriptive 
matter free. 



145 




Three of the Group of Seven Buildings Constituting 
Pasadena Polytechnic High School 



PASADENA 

America's Beauty Spot — The City that offers every attrac- 
tion to those who desire a clean, up-to-date, progressive resi- 
dential city. Its citizenship is of the highest and it is a center 
of culture and education. 

In addition to the excellent public school system, Pasadena 
has located in it and its environs — Throop College of Tech- 
nology, Occidental College, Nazarene University, Polytechnic 
Elementary School, Stickney School of Fine Arts, Eleanor 
Miller School of Expression and eight other private schools, 
including three girls' schools and two business colleges. 

To those attending the N. E. A. Convention we would suggest that 
they should by no means fail to see the beauties and attractions of 
this city. 



146 



Sickness or an Accident 

Makes the Bank Account Look Sick 

Everything going like clock-work — $20 each month in the 
bank — it looks like a nice little surplus at the end of the school 
year. And then something happens, for the best laid plans 
"gang aft a-gley". 

An Accident or a Sickness dips into the program — a month 
or two is lost, with no salary — it becomes necessary to with- 
draw from the bank to pay the board, the nurse and the doctor. 
One month's expenses of this sort, without any income, will 
play havoc with a nice little savings account. 

How to Save Your Savings 

Thousands of teachers have learned by bitter experience that 
the only way to save their savings is to have them protected 
by the T. C. U. It is terribly depressing to have the accumula- 
tion of perhaps an entire year wiped out in a few weeks by 
some unforeseen and unpreventable disaster. Many times an 
accident or a sickness piles up a debt that will mortgage one's 
efforts for a year or more. 

In her own words, read what the T. C. U. cheque did for 
Miss Bell: 

"Permit me to thank you sincerely for the $227.33 which you 
paid me for my accident. I fell and broke my ankle on the day 
after Christmas, and I do not know how I could have kept up 
my spirits without the knowledge that I would be cared for by 
the T. C. U. I wish I could talk to all teachers and convince 
them of the value and necessity of such protection. It took 
one of your friends a long time to convince me that this was 
necessary, and now I wonder that I ever hesitated." 

This great National Teachers' Protective Organization — the 
T. C. U. — -stands ready to pay you $50 a month for loss of time 
caused by accident, sickness or quarantine, besides many addi- 
tional benefits, fully explained in our booklet. Will you permit 
us to send you a free copy? At least read it before you decide 
what to do. Sign your name and address to the Coupon below 
and all information will be sent free. 



Teachers Casualty Underwriters ^ ' ^z^. 

Give your name 

105 T. C. U. Building ^**q the T c. u. ■ 

^^ The National Protective 
■ . | kt 1 ^^ Organization for Teachers. 

Lincoln, INebr. ^^105 T. C. U. Bldg., Lincoln, Nebr. 

^HL am a Teacher and I am interested in 
knowing about your Protective Benefits. 
Send me the whole story, booklet of testi- 
monials. 

Name 

Address 

'(This coupon places the sender under no obligation whatever.) 



147 




148 




A QUARTER CENTURY 
OF SERVICE 

This year marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the 
American Book Company. Founded in 1890, the Ameri- 
can Book Company has steadily held to its purpose to 
publish increasingly better textbooks at the lowest price 
consistent with form and content of the first quality. 

Its catalogue of over three thousand titles registers 
every significant educational movement. Its aim is to 
offer promptly the concrete, crystallized expression of 
the research and methods of the best teachers. Its out- 
look is wide, embracing every section of the country and 
instruction of every grade from the primary school to 
the college. 

The American Book Company is conscious of its 
responsibility to the public generally and to the teachers 
particularly. It is aware and proud of the contribution 
it has made to educational progress through the realiza- 
tion of its purpose. And it appreciates, and is encour- 
aged to larger endeavor by the generous recognition of 
the service it has rendered. 



149 



LAKE TAHOE, YOSEMITE AND CRATER LAKE— 
ON SOUTHERN PACIFIC LINES 




V 



Lake Tahoe 



ISITORS to the 
E x p o s i t ions 
this year will 
miss a golden opportu- 
nity if they fail to see 
the scenic regions for 
which the mountain- 
land of the West is 
celebrated, reached by 
Southern Pacific Lines. 
Among these are Lake 
Tahoe, .Yosemite Val- 
ley and Crater Lake. 
A mile-high lake, twenty-three miles long and thirteen miles 
wide, its fathomless waters a regal blue, set in a great bowl of 
rugged snow-clad peaks that rise eleven thousand feet above 
sea-level — such is Lake Tahoe. About its circling shores there 
are unfolded panoramas of matchless sublimity, with green 
meadows and sandy beaches, dense fragrant pine forests that 
come down to the lake's very brink, rocky cliffs and promon- 
tories, and over all the 'ordly mountains with their crests of 
glittering snow, towering five thousand feet above the serene 
face of Tahoe. The lake shore is dotted with summer homes 
and picturesque resorts, for this is the ideal vacation realm, with 
nothing to mar the serenity and comfort of .its mid-summer 
weather. The lover of the life-out-of-doors may hunt in the 
High Sierras, catch royal trout in the lakes and in the Truckee, 
enjoy the rarest of alpine climbing, ride horseback over safe 
mountain trails, motor along tree-shaded roads that skirt the 
waterside, play tennis or partake of any fresh air recreation that 
heart could wish for. 

Lake Tahoe is easily reached — a night's ride from San Fran- 
cisco — along the line of the Southern Pacific Ogden Route to 
Truckee, whence the Lake Tahoe Railway runs up the wild 
canyon of the Truckee River to Tahoe Tavern, 15 miles. 

Yosemite Valley 

Yosemite Valley stands second to none among the wonders 
o| the world. This famous mountain gorge lies in the very heart 
of the High Sierras on the headwaters of the Merced River. It 
150 



is a place of perpendicular percipices, titanic granite spires and 
domes, tremendous waterfalls and cascades, which give to this 
lofty valley an indescribable grandeur. The Mariposa Grove of 
Big Trees is reached from Yosemite Valley by stage to 
Wawona, on the southern boundary of the Park. 

Yosemite is most easily reached by the San Joaquin Valley 
Line of the Southern Pacific to Merced, whence the Yosemite 
Valley Railroad extends seventy-eight miles up the picturesque 
canyon of the Merced River to El Portal, at the entrance to the 
Park. The valley, sixteen miles beyond, is reached after a de- 
lightful auto-stage ride. The trip from San Francisco to El 
Portal takes ten hours. At El Portal there is a fine mountain 
inn and in Yosemite Valley the visitor is accommodated at well- 
appointed hotels and camps. The chief features of the valley 
may be seen in a stopover of twenty-four hours, though it is 
advisable to spend more if possible in viewing its many attrac- 

Crater Lake 

Another remarkable 

natural feature of the 
Pacific Coast which 
should be visited is Cra- 
ter Lake, lying sixty 
miles north of the Cali- 
fornia-Oregon boundary, 
in the Cascade Range. 
These mountains were in 
ancient times the center 
of immense volcanic ac- 
oater Lake tivity. The crest of the 

loftiest peak of all, Mount Mazama, was "blown off" in some 
terrific cataclysm of nature and the immense crater filled with 
water, forming Crater Lake. The lake is six miles across, 
rimmed by an irregular circle of precipitous cliffs. Crater Lake's 
waters are of an intense blue, the color given by the great depth, 
which is over 2,000 feet. The surface of the lake is 6,177 feet 
above the sea. 

Crater Lake is reached from San Francisco over the Shasta 
Route of the Southern Pacific, by way of Weed, Klamath Falls. 
and Chiloquin, whence automobile stages run to Crater Lake 
Lodge, 36 miles. It is also accessible by automobile stage from 
Medford, Oregon, on the Shasta Route — distance, 85 miles. 

151 





"Victor Temple," center of Liberal Arts, P. P. I. E. 

Music is the youngest of the arts to be developed into defi- 
nite form, yet the oldest of all the arts in its service to man in 
the expression of his emotions of joy, fear, love, hate, worship or 
play. 

All primitive peoples used music, and in much the same 
form, a simple monotonous chant, accompanied at first by hand- 
clapping and rythmic movements of the body, then by crude 
instruments fashioned out of a hollow log" with skin drawn 
across the opening, and by numerous rattles and jangles of seed 
pods, gourds, and metals. 

Rhythm thus developed, the chanting became more varied 
and tuneful, and Melody came with the Folk Song and Folk 
Dance, which at first were the same thing as all songs were 
danced and all dances were sung. Each Nation evolved a store 
of particular home, climatic, play, industrial and racial songs. 
Each used some of the characteristic instruments that were 
gradually developed from the crude beginnings of horns of ani- 
mals, reeds, pipes, and stringed gourds, and boxes, and so began 
the modern instruments of the orchestra. The Crusaders 
brought back from Oriental lands the Lute and Rebec, and the 
art of singing songs of love and heroism, with solo accompani- 
ment resulted in the Troubadours, Minstrels, and Minnesingers. 



152 



All early music was in one part, Monody, the earliest com- 
binations being rounds. We have no record of part singing 
earlier than the Thirteenth Century. The early composers then 
began to work on the mathematical relations of simultaneous 
sounds and Polyphony and Harmony came. 

Music as we know it came with the beginning of Opera and 
Oratorio in the Seventeenth Century, and the great masters of 
the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, and is even now 
undergoing wonderful developments. Music in its emotional, 
imaginative, intellectual and cultured powers, has in it more of 
value for the education of the whole child than any other single 
subject in the curriculum of our schools. 

Educators have never before been able to bring this force to 
bear upon the processes of education. "The Victor in the 
Schools" is the miracle which has made it possible to bring the 
real music of all the past ages and of all lands to all the children 
of all the people, and has caused the greatest advancement in 
Public School music that has come to it since its beginning 
under Lowell Mason in Boston in 1836. 

At the Victor Temple (in the center of the Palace of Liberal 
Arts) there is given each day a series of educational lectures 
(illustrated by Victor records) on Music, its yesterdays and to- 
morrows, showing special records which have been made to 
illustrate all these steps in the growth of music from primitive 
peoples to the ultra-modern school, all played and sung by the 
greatest artists the World has ever known, and for the first time 
made available for the schools as true servants of education. 

Victors are installed in the schools of more than 2700 cities, 
scattered in every part of the United States, and through help- 
ful literature are being used for really educational purposes. 

The Victor Temple is conceded to be the most artistic single 
exhibit on the Exposition Grounds, and has been visited by 
nearly 400,000 persons since the Opening Day. 

Every teacher and educator is cordially invited to come to 
the Temple and hear the lectures and records of the World's 
best music. Ask the lecturers and attendants for full informa- 
tion, and for a copy of the Book, "A New Correlation." 

For further information address Educational Department, 
Victor Talking Machine Company, Camden, N. J. 

153 



A CI 



ing H 



rin 

for 

Home Economics Books 

Almost every publisher has some books on the House, 
its upkeep and decoration; on Sanitation; on Food, Cook- 
ery, Nutrition; on Hygiene and Nursing. 

To save time and money for schools and teachers our 
firm was established in 1904. One order sent to us brings 
all publishers' books. Because we specialize only in these 
lines we can give better service in them to our customers 
than can be given in these lines by the larger general 
jobbing houses. 

In addition we have published some of the best books 
on Home Economics now on the market. We invite your 
attention to the titles listed below. 

Are you using these books as texts? 

The Modern Household, Talbot & Breckinridge. 

Household Physics, Alfred M. Butler. 

Household Textiles, Charlotte M. Gibbs. 

Selection and Preparation of Food, Bevier & Van Meter. 

House Sanitation, Marion Talbot. 

Sanitation in Daily Life, Ellen H. Richards. 

Home Science Cook Book, Lincoln & Barrows. 

Cook Book for Nurses, Sarah C. Hill. 

Equipment for Teaching Domestic Science, Helen Kinne. 

Are these books in your school library? 

Life of Ellen H: Richards Euthenics 

Home Economics Movement Art of Right Living 

Woman Who Spends Home Problems 

Fuels of the Household Healthful Farmhouse 

We want your orders for books in our lines. We will 
give you prompt and careful attention. Transportation 
charges are adjusted to rates from the nearest large book- 
supplying center. Send for our lists if you are interested. 

WHITCOMB & BARROWS 

Huntington Chambers PUBLISHERS Boston, Mass. 



154 



In Vacation Land. California's popular playgrounds 
provide every natural attraction 

Seashore - Forest -- Mountain -- River 

Superb Climate, the Sportsman's Paradise, Matchless 
Scenery, easily reached over the lines of the 

NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC RAILROAD 

Hundreds of delightful places for a day, a week or a month's pleasure 

MT. TAMALPAIS & MUIR WOODS.— A journey to a mountain top 

over a wonderful steam railroad — Muir Woods — a grove of prime- 
val redwoods. 
SAUSALITO FERRY — Boat from San Francisco to Sausalito gives an 

excellent idea of San Francisco Bay, the islands and the Golden 

Gate. Time 30 minutes. 
TRIANGLE TRIP — A 150-mile journey along the sea coast and 

through the giant redwoods beside the Russian River. 
SAN RAFAEL — Delightful ferry trip — a journey by steam train and re- 
turn via electric over a different route — one hour from S. F. 
PETALUMA — The greatest chicken producing center in California. 

One and three-quarter hours from San Francisco. 
SANTA ROSA — A thriving city in the midst of a beautiful valley — The 

home of Luther Burbank and rich in orchards and vineyards — two 

and a half hours from San Francisco. 
BOYES HOT SPRINGS— A resort of well known excellence, famed 

for its health-giving hot baths — good accommodations — An hour 

and a half from San Francisco. 
AGUA CALIENTE — Spanish for "hot water." Nature's healing hot 

springs — two hours from San Francisco. 
HEALDSBURG — A charming town in a prosperous orchard country — 

three hours from San Francisco. 
RUSSIAN RIVER — Flows through the great redwood groves, and is 

fascinatingly beautiful; the railway follows it for nearly 100 miles. 
CLOVERDALE — On Russian River, the center of a charming summer 

home colony, three hours from San Francisco. Stage here for Wend- 

ling and Booneville. 
LAKE COUNTY — "The Switzerland of America," includes wonderful 

mountain scenery, hundreds of mineral springs, good hotels and 

Clear Lake — largest fresh water lake on the Coast. 
EUREKA AND THE REDWOODS— This company taps the redwood 

belt of California. On a trip to Eureka over the new line these 

gigantic trees are passed. 

For free booklets or descriptive matter consult our agents or address 
/43&j*§?\ J. J. GEARY, G. P. A., San Francisco 

vSjU TICKET OFFICES, Sausalito Ferry, Foot of Market Street, and 
Mcg^ 874 Market Street, San Francisco ^^ 

155 





Palace of Education, Cor. of Ave. E and 1st Street 

Publishing Interests of 

Anti-Saloon League of America 

Director, Miss Edith M. Wills, Asst. Editor of 
The Scientific Temperance Journal 

Safe and Sane Helps for Progressive Educators 

Consisting of 
Pictorial Charts, Cartoons, Models, Books, and Special I .ec 
tures by Miss Wills, Normal Instructor, all suggesting unique 
and practical methods of presenting Hygiene and the Nature 
of Cigarettes and Alcoholic Beverages and their unfavorable 
effects upon Athletics, Scholarship, Efficiency, Success, Health, 
Longevity, Heredity, etc. 

Special Material for Teachers 

THE 20th CENTURY KIND 

New Scientific Temperance Charts (Athletics, etc.) 

Handbook of Modern Facts About Alcohol 

Scientific Temperance Journal 

Stereopticon Slides Anti-Cigarette Charts 

You are cordially invited to visit us. 

Ask for the Handsome Souvenirs and Helps 
Reserved for You 



156 



EXHIBIT OF THE WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPER- 
ANCE UNION— WORLD'S AND NATIONAL 




The Study of Temperance the Most Constructive Study in the 

Public School 
BECAUSE the child's own life will be protected and moulded 

by the truth concerning alcohol. 
BECAUSE through the teaching of the child the nature and 

effect of alcohol, the school will have placed its hand upon 

nearly every social problem of the nation. 
BECAUSE the next generation will be better born as the fath- 
ers and mothers better understand the kind of degeneracy 

caused by drink. 
BECAUSE crime and disease will decrease as the light of truth 

shows one great cause lying at the source of both. 
BECAUSE always the greater work is preventive rather than 

remedial and the problem of how to live aright more impor- 
tant than how to reform. 

Along these constructive lines the exhibit has been prepared. 
The textbooks show exactly the form of instruction used. The 
essays of the school children give a practical illustration of their 
understanding of the truth taught. 

Among the picture panels illustrating varied phases of the 
anti-alcohol movement, is one showing that the annual drink bill 
of the United States is 

Six Times the Cost of the Panama Canal. 

A feature which instantly focuses the visitor's eye is a cabi- 
net in three sections. One section contains "Alcoholic Bever- 
ages," and shows the amount of alcohol found in each. Another 
is filled with "Temperance Beverages" and visitors are asked to 
"note the wide variety available." The third section tells "What 
a Dime Will Buy Measured in Food Values." 

Conspicuous among the exhibits is the famous Polyglot 
Petition, over a mile in length. This document petitions the 
governments of the world against legalizing the sale of liquor 
and opium and has been 

Circulated in Fifty Nations. 

Teachers will gain much from a study of this temperance 
exhibit, as the facts presented in models, statements, illustra- 
tions and comparisons, show graphically how application can 
be made in the school room. 

157 



A FEW OF POMONA, CAL., PUBLIC SCHOOLS 




POMONA, California, known as the home of the "Goddess 
of Fruits," also "The Inland City Beautiful," is in a 
broad, well watered valley of very fertile soil, on the 
extreme eastern edge of Los Angeles County. 

No community in California is more favorably situated as 
regards an even climate, picturesque scenery, abundance of irri- 
gation water, pure domestic water, railroad facilities (there 
being three transcontinental and one interurban electric rail- 
ways, reaching everywhere), church and school privileges. Pop- 
ulation 15,000; elevation 861 feet. 

The soil in Pomona Valley is sandy loam ; will grow prac- 
tically everything, and being so very fertile is the surest of all 
foundations for the future prosperity of the city and valley. 

"Pomona College," one of the leading colleges of the West, 
with an enrollment of more than 450 students, is located at 
Claremont, four miles N. E. of Pomona. 

Pomona has 19 modern school buildings; 96 teachers, 2,800 
pupils. The champion High School football team of California. 

Some of Pomona Valley products, viz: Orange, $5,000,000; 
Lemons, $1,000,000; English Walnuts, $360,000; Alfalfa, $550,- 
000; Hay and Grain, $250,000; Poultry Products, $125,000; 
Dairy Products, $350,000; Field Grown Roses, $150,000; Sugar 
Beets, $500,000; Potatoes, $100,000; Canned Fruit, 3,500 tons. 

Immense ice plants, brick yards, foundry, galvanized iron 
works, planing mills, electric heaters and toasters, citrus fruit 
by-products. New (1915) -modern fireproof hotel. 

The finest streets and boulevards. Ornamental lights. A 
modern city in every respect. For further information write 
Pomona Chamber of Commerce, Pomona, Cal. 



158 



Open Air Schools 

Elizabeth McCormick Memorial Fund 



There are 20,000,000 

school children in the United States. 

They spend 11,415 years 

in school rooms every school day. 

Years of this time are lost 

and health is demaged, due to the effects of badly 
ventilated, overheated school rooms. 

12,000,000 school children 

have physical defects which interfere with school 
progress. 

Over 500,000 school children 

have physical disabilities so serious as to render their 
school experience practically valueless. 

The Open Air School advocates: 

I. Fresh Air and Hygienic Rights for 100% of the 
School Children. 

II. Medical and Nursing Service Adequate to Conserve 
and Promote the Health of 100% of the School 
Children. 

III. A Special School Regime Designed to Restore the 
Debilitated Child to Health and Efficiency. 

What shall it profit a child if he gain 
the whole curriculum and lose his health? 



Delegates to the National Education Association are cordially invited 
to visit the Open Air School Booth at Avenue C and 4th Street, in the 
Palace of Education and Social Economy — a comprehensive exhibit of 
the Open Air School movement, prepared by the Elizabeth McCormick 
Memorial Fund, 315 Plymouth Court, Chicago. In the preparation of 
this exhibit the Foundation has the co-operation of the U. S. Bureau 
of Education and many other agencies both in this country and abroad. 
The exhibit consists of models, photographs, types of equipment, charts, 
records, forms, plans of buildings and grounds, and other material which 
it is hoped will be helpful to those interested in the subject. 

Delegates are invited not only to visit the booth but to address the 
office of the Foundation, 315 Plymouth Court, Chicago, for information 
and literature on the subject. 

159 



SINGER SEWING MACHINE EXHIBIT 
Palace of Varied Industries — Section 7 



Every educator should see and study this remarkable exhibit, 
for it exemplifies ECONOMICS,— industrial and home; PHYS- 
ICS, — ingenious application of mechanical movements to a 
great variety of stitching in manufactures; GEOGRAPHY, — 
display, on typical wax figures, of national costumes made on 
Singer Machines in every quarter of the earth ; ART,- — repro- 




ductions of paintings, also wonderful laces and embroideries — 
all made on the usual type of Singer family sewing machines. 

The Singer Company makes four distinct types of two-thread 
machines for Family sewing, also "The Singer Automatic," a 
single-thread bobbihless machine. 

For manufacturing purposes there are more than Two Hun- 
dred distinct types, having more than One Thousand variations 
for special purposes. Forty or fifty of the more interesting are 
shown here in operation. -Liberal free distribution of literature 
containing valuable data for teachers. 



160 



THE LAW OF HEALTH 

HEALTH is the most desirable thing in the world. More 
people can have it than anything else. If you are not 
well it is because there is something wrong with the 
machinery of your body which ought to be put in order. 

There is not a disease or disorder of the body in which the 
circulation is not interfered with. In health the blood circulates 
freely to every part of the body. It brings to each cell the par- 
ticular nourishment that it needs. It carries away all the waste 
products, and these are eliminated from the body through the 
proper organs. Thus in health there is perfect circulation of the 
blood. Perfect circulation of the blood is health. 

When there is not free circulation of the blood, disease or 
derangement has commenced. Nourishment is not brought to 
all the cells. The waste products are not all carried away ; and 
being retained in the system they become poisonous. Thus 
interference with the free circulation of the blood means con- 
gestion, and eventually inflammation in some part or organ 
of the body. 

When an organ has become congested and inflamed it is un- 
able to do its work properly. The nerves share in the disorder, 
and as they control the circulation reflex effects are felt in other 
parts of the body, sometimes a good ways from the seat of the 
trouble. 

Every disease is not due to a different cause. We name the 
disease not from the cause, but from the part of the body 
affected. A great many conditions which we give other names 
to are really colds. They are all due to disturbances of the cir- 
culation in the parts affected. 

There are a whole list of digestive troubles which are really 
due to a bad circulation, and congestion somewhere in the 
digestive organs. The nourishing of the body is not going on 
well. Deterioration and disorder of the circulation are respon- 
sible for a whole brood of nervous diseases. Women are subject 
to derangements of the circulation, giving rise to many serious 
and painful conditions. In children, colds and catarrhal condi- 
tions develop adenoids, and earache and croupy conditions. 

The real trouble in all these conditions is in the interference 
with the free, regular circulation of the blood. The cure lies in 
getting at the cause, — the deranged circulation and loss of tone 
in the nerves controlling it. 

— From, The Law of Health, Copyrighted and Published by 
The Viavi Company, San Francisco. 

161 



California Recognizes the Merits of 

Zaner Writing 

By adopting it for use throughout 
that great commonwealth 






Avail yourself of its pedagogical 
practical service 

Rural, town or city schools served 
equally well 

NEW MEXICO also adopted it 



ADDRESS 

ZANER & BLOSER CO 

PENMANSHIP SPECIALISTS 
COLUMBUS, OHIO 



162 



A DELIGHTFUL TRIP 

One of the scenic rides that each teacher should take before 
leaving Oakland is to 

Mills College 

This College for Women is ideally situated in the rolling 
hills of East Oakland, about one-half hour's ride from the 
center of the city, and is reached by the Mills College car. It 
is one of the oldest educational institutions in the State and its 
patrons are among the most prominent people. Its campus is 
one of the most beautiful in the land. 

The entrance requirements to Mills College are equivalent 
to those of the State University and Stanford University. 
Graduates of the College do creditable post-graduate work at 
the different universities, and in some cases take their second 
degree in one year after graduation. 

The so-called standard departments are strong. Public play- 
grounds call for trained overseers, and this line of work is rep- 
resented by a well equipped department of Physical Education. 
The demand for well trained women in Home Economics is met 
by a strong department in this popular field of work. Special 
attention is given to the health and care of the students. 

Mills College aims to equip young women for efficient, co- 
operative, unselfish service in the home and in the world. 

During the Exposition the College is maintaining a head- 
quarters at the Inside Inn. Visitors are most welcome at the 
Mills Alumnae Room in this building. 

But better than this, why not come out to the real head- 
quarters and see the College itself before you leave Oakland? 





163 



CALIFORNIA'S PETROLEUM 
INDUSTRY 

By Alfred Galpin 

STANDARD Oil Company (Califor- 
nia) estimates that this state is 
now contributing abort two-fifths 
of the petroleum production of the United 
States, and more than one-fourth of the 
entire world's output. Its estimate is 
based largely on figures compiled by the 
U. S. Geological Survey, Department of 
the Interior. 

What California (as a factor in the 
petroleum trade) most lacked when the 
Standard Oil Company began its big 
campaign of industrial activity in 1900 
were refineries, pipe-lines, storage facili- 
ties, tank steamships — in brief, the equip- 
ment necessary to operation and conse- 
quent development of the industry. 
Furthermore, it lacked — and it needed — 
the organization necessary to the build- 
ing up and supplying of the markets. 
This company has built refineries — at Richmond, Cal., where 
it has one of the most complete refining plants in the world ; at 
El Segundo, in the southern part of the state ; and at Bakers- 
field, approximately speaking in the heart of the oil-producing- 
territory. It has constructed 425 miles of pipe-lines, carriers of 
the crude product to the refineries, and it has assembled a fleet 
of 27 oil-carrying craft, the most recent addition being the 
"J. A. Moffett," built in San Francisco, one of the finest and 
largest oil-carriers afloat. In these vessels, and in those of its 
customers, Standard products go to all parts of the world. 

Production alone has never made an industry ; this com- 
pany's distributing facilities are one of its chief contributions to 
California's petroleum success. To meet the demands of the 
consumer it has established a circuit of 250 stations, extending 




A "Section 36" Gusher 




PIPE LINE PUMPING STATION, CORCORAN, CAL. 



164 



STANDARD OIL COMPANY REFINERY, RICHMOND, CAL. 

from Alaska to San Diego, Cal. ; in the north as far east as 
Spokane, Wash. ; in the south to Phoenix, Ariz., and to the west 
in the Hawaiian Islands. Motor tank trucks and tank wagons 
operated out of these stations supply Standard products to cus- 
tomers in their respective fields. This service is augmented by 
the many Standard Service stations where motorists are sup- 
plied with gasoline and motor oil. 

As to petroleum products, California today occupies a posi- 
tion which she can point to with pride, and her standing in this 
regard is directly due to this same efficient organization, the 
Standard Oil Company : this company, besides receiving the 
Grand Prize for its *"General Exhibit of Petroleum and Its 
Uses," at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, was 
awarded gold medals on practically all of its products ; the 
exceptions being those for which, there being no competition, a 
silver medal was the highest award. It was a competition from 
which no one was barred ; it was open to the world. And it 
resulted in a sweeping victory for the California company, for a 
California industry, and for California oil. It is an acknowledg- 
ment that the Standard Oil Company can make kerosene, gaso- 
line and lubricating oils out of California crude superior to 
similar products made elsewhere out of other crudes. 

For refining purposes this company buys much crude oil 
from the small producers operating in the California fields, but 
it is itself a producer, and through its efforts has been opened 
up some of the State's best oil territory, notably "Section 36" 
in the Midway Field. Here it expended over a million dollars 
before the property was on a paying basis, though finally its 
efforts were rewarded by several wells that have made petroleum 
history. 

Including its sales force, refinery operators, and oil-field 
mechanics, this Company employs between six and seven thou- 
sand men. 

*N. E. A. Members Cordially invited to inspect this Exhibit. 





S. O. C. TANK STEAMER IN PUGET SOUND, WASH. 



165 




& 







KNOWN THE WORLD OVER BY 

USERS AND 
LOVERS of TOOLS 



The illustrations on this page 
suggest, in a limited way, the 
extent and diversity of the 
STANLEY line. 

Their use in the Schools 
throughout the United States is 
constantly increasing. 

In addition to hundreds of 
tools of standard design, we 
manufacture a great number of 
novel and special purpose tools, 
combinations, etc., that will ap- 
peal strongly to those interested 
in Manual Training Equipment. 

In our Sales Organization we 
have a special department de- 
voted exclusively to Manual 
Training and Vocational School 
work and solicit correspondence . 
wherever tool equipment is 
under consideration. 

Our catalogue No. 34, con- 
tains 148 pages of interesting 
tool information. May we send 
you a copy ? 

Stanley Rule &. Level Co. 

New Britain. Conn. U.S.A. 




wp* 






166 



N. E. A. VISITORS 

Are Cordially Invited to Visit the Exhibit of 

G. & C. MERRIAM CO. 




1X4; 



PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS, SECOND ST. AND D. AVE. 
PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION 

Educators will find much of in- 
terest in the collection of former 
editions of this world authority, 
showing a copy of each edition from 
1806 to the present time. This is 
a marvelous evolution from the 
small book of 1806, which was Web- 
ster's first attempt, followed by the 
larger two-volume edition of 1828. 
This was followed by an edition in 
1841. Then came the edition of 
'his was the first edition published by the G. & C. Mer- 
riam Co. after they purchased the rights from the Webster 
Heirs. The edition of 1859 was the first American Dictionary 
to make use of illustrations. This was followed by the edition 
of 1864, and in the edition of 1884, the now well-known and 
deservedly popular geographical gazetteer, was added. 

In 18'XJ Webster's International Dictionary was published, 
and a supplement giving 25,000 new words added in the edition 
of 1900. In 1909 was issued the Webster's New International, 
with Dr. William T. Harris as editor-in-chief, assisted by a very 
capable corps of editors. In 1913 the United States Census Sta- 
tistics were available, and the gazetteer was thoroughly revised 
and brought to date. In 1914, the many new words which have 
found their way into our language were added and fully defined. 

The International Jury of Awards, Panama-Pacific Exposi- 
tion, at San Francisco, have just awarded the Merriam- Webster 
Series of Dictionaries Grand Prize (highest award) for Superi- 
ority of Educational Merit. Medal of Honor for Printing and 
Binding. Two Gold Medals for Editorial Superiority. 



167 



KEY TROLLEY TRIP 



Leaves Ferry Building, San Francisco: 
Leaves 12th and Broadway. Oakland: 
Leaves Key Route Inn, Oakland: 

Round Trip Fare: 

The famous "Personally Conducted" trip 

v.itlon (..ii. seeing Oakland, Berkeley, Alameda 



10:00 a. m. and 1:00 p. m. 
10:00 a. m. 
1 :35 p. m. 
$1.00. 

by Steamer and Special Obser- 
Unlverslty of California, Greek 



Theater, Havens Art Gallery ($1,000,000 private collection), Piedmont, Clare- 
mont, and all points of Interest In tram bay (-Itles. Sixty-eight mile tour 
for One Dollar. The lavorlte local trip. 



SEEING SAN FRANCISCO AUTO TRIP 

Leaves No. b Powell street at 10:00 a. in. and 2:00 p. m. 

Cars call at hotels for passenger. 

Oakland passengers met at Ferry Building. 

Round Trip Fare: $1.00. 

A 2' g hour tour by new 1 ( j1S model ilgnl Being auto, covering all points 

of Interest In the city — Downtown District, Civic Center, Golden Gate Pari;, 

Cllfl House, Seal Rocks, Sutro Heights, Presidio Military Reservation, Forts 

.mil Fortifications, Birds-Eye View of Exposition and great San Francisco 

Hay. livery Interesting point seen on this Big Double l"rlp 




Mount Hamilton Obsei va I ory . 

EXPOSITION ILLUMINATIONS AND CHINATOWN TRIP 

Leaves No. 6 Powell street at 8:00 p, m. 

Cars call at hotels lor passengers. 

Oakland passengers met at Ferry Building. 

Round Trip Fare: $1.00. 

A three hour evening tour by sight seeing auto. Viewing the Exposition 

Illuminations and Fireworks from top of Fillmore Hill — the most spectacular 

sight connected with the Exposition. Through tour of famous San Francisco 

Chinatown under charge of experienced, licensed guide. A refined, Instructive 

and Intensely Interesting trip. 

BAY EXCURSIONS 

Leaves Wharf at 10:00 a. m. and 2:00 p. m. for daytime cruises. 
Round Trip Fare: $1.00 for daytime cruises. 
A three-hour cruise around the gre.it Bay of San Francisco on new. double- 
decked, sight seeing excursion ■.trainers, built expressly for pleasure and sight- 
seeing parties. Viewing 1,000 miles of shore line dotted with cities and towns; 
Embarcadero, Dry Docks, Battleships, Verba Buena Island, Alcatraz Prison 
Island, Wlnehaven, Angel Island, Presidio, Golden Gate, Exposition, Fortifica- 
tions. Land at Exposition, If desired. 

OAKLAND SIGHT SEEING AUTO TRIP 

Leaves No. 6 Powell street at 1:30. Return, 6:00 p. m. 

Cars call at hotels for passengers, 1:15 to 1:30 p. m. 

Round Trip Fare: $1.50. 

By Auto nil the way. Seeing Oakland and Berkeley. Covers all points of 

Interest, Including University, Greek Theater, Piedmont, Art Gallery, Highland 



168 



Drive. Passengers called for and discharged at hotel by auto. Auto and party 
cross by ferry. Lecturer accompanies each party. , Fare includes all expenses. 

MT. TAMALPAIS AND MUIR WOODS TRIP 

Leaves Ferry at 9:15 a. m., 10:45 a. m., 11:45 a. m., 1:45 p. m., 5:15 p m 

Round Trip Fares: $1.90 for either; $2.90 for both. 

Most wonderful mountain railway trip, via the crookedest railroad in the 

world. Panoramic view of Bay Region from mountain top. Muir Woods is 

the only forest of "Big Trees" near this city. This is an all-day trip and 

should be taken by starting in the forenoon. 

PALO ALTO AND STANFORD UNIVERSITY 

Seven-Passenger Automobile Trip 
Leaves No. 6 Powell street at 9:00 a. m. to 2:00 p. m., on even hour. 
Cars call at hotels for passengers. 
Round Trip Fare: $2.00. 
Delightful 70-mile tour by seven-passenger automobile through the most 
beautiful section of California — the country homes of San Francisco million- 
aires: Burlingame, San Mateo, Redwood City, to Palo Alto, the home of 
Stanford University. A five-hour trip. 




Stanford University. 

SAN JOSE AND SANTA CLARA VALLEY 

Seven-Passenger Automobile Trip 

Leaves No. 6 Powell street at 9:00 a. m. to 2:00 p. m., on even hour. 

Cars call at hotels for passengers. 

Round Trip Fare: $3.00. 

This is a 110-mile tour by seven-passenger automobile, traversing all covered 

by the Palo Alto trip and continuing through beautiful Santa Clara Valley to 

San Jose. The roads are the best in the world; the splendor of landscape 

unequalled; the richness of environment unsurpassed. This Is a seven-hour trip. 

SPECIAL "ALL-EXPENSE" TOURS 

MT. HAMILTON AND LICK OBSERVATORY— By seven-passenger auto- 
mobile, leaving No. 6 Powell street at 1:00 p. m. the first day and returning at 
12:00 m. the second day. All expenses, $12.50. 

YOSEMITE VALLEY — 3, 4, 5, or more days' trip. All expenses included 
in ticket. Prices on application. 

PRIVATE AUTOMOBILES, STEAMERS, LAUNCHES, SIGHT-SEEING 
AUTOS, TROLLEY CARS, etc., furnished for private parties. Party rates 
allowed on all trips and tours. Prices on application to 



GOLDEN WEST TOURS, INC. 

TICKET OFFICES AND INFORMATION BUREAUS 



IN OAKLAND: 
At Kahn's, 
16th and Broadway, 
Phone Lakeside 1. 



IN SAN FRANCISCO: 

6 Powell St., Near Market, 
and 854 Phelan Building, 
Phone Sutter 3350. 



169 



"Where is the man who 
can live without dining' 



Colonial Cafeterias 

422-428 Thirteenth St. 
413-417 Thirteenth St. 

Bet. Broadway and Franklin Oakland, Gal. 



The Oakland Bank 
of Savings 

The oldest and Largest Bank in Alameda County 
RESOURCES OVER $27,000,000.00 

Savings, Commercial and Trust 
Safe Deposit Vaults 

4 Per Cent Interest Paid on Savings Accounts. 
IV. E. Corner Twelfth and Broadway, Oakland 



Oakland Branch: Berkeley Branch: 

1240 Seventh Street Shattuck Ave. and Center St. 



170 



Laboratory Furniture 




w ~~% ~s. 



MIW— III II Mil 





INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 

of 

QUALITY 



CALIFORNIA DISTRIBUTORS 




SAN FRANCISCO 



171 




We Started in 1888 



L. A. office est. Nov., 1888, by 
C. C. Boynton 

S. F. office est. Dec, 1896, by 
Calvin Esterly 

We are consulted by the lead- 
ing school men of the state, both 
for teachers and for positions. 
We recommend teachers on our 
own letter heads, over our own 
signatures, not simply asking 
them to apply without backing. 



Boynton-Esterly Teachers' Agency 

Members National Association of Teachers' Agencies 

(Affiliated with N. E. A. Meeting, Oakland, Aug. 23) 

LICENSED IN CALIFORNIA BY CITY AND STATE 

517 Brockman Bldg., L. A. 502 Kamm Bldg., S. F. 

7th and Grand Ave. 717 Market St., near 3d 



The Fisk Teachers' Agencies 



Boston 
Denver 



New York 
Portland 



Washington 
Berkeley 



Chicago 
Los Angeles 



40,000 POSITIONS FILLED 

ESTABLISHED 1885 



BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 
2161 SHATTUCK AVE. 

Managers: 
John B. Stearns 
J. M. Hahn 

Telephone, Berkeley 4171 



LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 
343 DOUGLAS BLDG. 

Managers: 

Ralph W. Coddington 
Mary L. Coddington 
Ethel W. Tudbury 
Thomas J. Davis 



CALIFORNIA REFERENCES— By Permission 



Hon. Edward Hyatt, State Supt. 
Prof. A. F. Lange, Univ. of Cal. 
Prof. E. P. Cubberlev, Stanford Uv. 
Prof. R. G. Boone, Univ. of Cal. 



A. C. Barker, City Supt., Oakland 
M. C. James, City Supt., Berkeley 
C. C. Hughes, City Supt., Sacram'to 
J. C. Templeton, C'y Supt., Modesto 



Arthur Henry Chamberlain, State Director N. E. A. 

For the past three years the Fisk Teaofiers' Agencies have filled more 
positions in California than in any other State. Correspondence and inter- 
views invited. 



172 




Going to School at the Panama- Pacific International Exposition. 



VITALIZING AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT 

Interesting Facts About the Standard Commercial School 
Exhibit, Palace of Education, Panama-Pacific Exposition 

Forty students taking regular commercial course. March 29 
to September 20. Selection based on examination in English, 
arithmetic, and personality. 

Tuition, supplies, and admission to Fair free by courtesy of 
Exposition officials and Companies participating in Exhibit. 

Classes in session every day except Sunday. Hours 10 to 4. 
Special demonstrations every afternoon. Course includes Gregg 
Shorthand, Rational Typewriting, Palmer Penmanship, 2Cth 
Century Bookkeeping, Office Training for Stenographers, Public 
Speaking, Business Correspondence, and Commercial Law. 

Remington Typewriters, Y. & E. filing equipment, and C. 
F. Weber Co. school furniture used exclusively. 

Monday, August 30, is "Standard Commercial School Day" 
at the Exposition. Members of the N. E. A. are cordially 
invited to visit the school and attend the Commencement Exer- 
cises, which will be held at 4 p. m. in the Court of Abundance, 
P.-P. I. E., August 30, 1915. 

173 



GREGG AND GROWTH 



1ltwTorh.fi- Son Francisco. ' 

$P* OFFICE TRAINING *^fe 
FOR STENOGRAPHERS. 



'<ffl 



(Vpartnwnl of 8du<palioa 
ftlvin 8 Pope 



'■\ 



years. And early this summer 



Fifteen years ago Gregg 
Shorthand was taught in less 
than 200 schools in the United 
States. Today it has passed 
the 3000 mark. It will continue 
to grow because it has the es- 
sentials of growth. At the 
Standard Commercial School 
Exhibit, Palace of Education, 
forty boys and girls are every 
day demonstrating to thou- 
sands the three fundamental 
features — Accuracy, Legibility, 
Speed. 

Today over 1250 cities are 
teaching Gregg Shorthand, and 
they are all progressive cities. 
In 1914 alone over 400 schools 
adopted Gregg, among them 
the leading high schools and 
colleges in the country. In 
New York City the Board of 
Education has adopted Gregg 
Shorthand for a period of five 
the City of Oakland, California, 



adopted Gregg Shorthand exclusively for four years. 

The fifty or more institutions of higher learning using Gregg 
Shorthand include Columbia University, University of Cali- 
fornia, Syracuse University, University of Virginia and Sim- 
mons' College of Boston, Mass. And among the leading cities 
teaching Gregg Shorthand are New York, Seattle, Boston, Oak- 
land, Rochester, Denver, St. Paul, Kansas City, and Indianapolis. 
It would take at least four pages of this type to give all the cities 
that are now using Gregg Shorthand, and it would take about the 
same space to give the names of schools that have changed to 
Gregg after having tried the other systems of shorthand. 

THE RATIONAL IDEA IN TYPEWRITING 

What the Gregg Manual has brought about in the shorthand 
world, Rational Typewriting has accomplished in the realm of 
typewriting. The fifty-word-a-minute records of students at the 
Exposition school and the phenomenal speed records of Blaisdell 
and Trefzger, demonstrating at the Underwood booth in the 
Liberal Arts Palace — are both effects of the same cause — 
Rational Typewriting. 

The command of the„entire keyboard comes by easy stages. 
The system does away with discouragement; instead it gives 



174 



the student, especially the beginner, a feeling of gradual con- 
quest over the technical difficulties. Throughout the course the 
student feels he is "getting there." 

Rational Typewriting is used approximately in half of all 
the schools of the country in which typewriting is taught, includ- 
ing most of the leading business colleges, and many of the high 
schools of large cities. 

OFFICE TRAINING FOR STENOGRAPHERS 

This valuable textbook is second only to actual business experi- 
ence. It "eliminates the beginner," as one student has aptly put it, 
by making the office training an integral part of the regular 
course of study. Every important phase of actual business is 
treated in a most interesting way with the aid of artistic colored 
illustrations of office appliances and equipment. Mr. Rupert 
P. SoRelle, the author, creates a business atmosphere in the 
classroom that makes for highly efficient work. One cannot 
read this admirable text without recognizing its vast superiority 
over any similar publication. The twelve sections include every- 
thing from the Letter of Application, and Letter Filing to Meet- 
ing Callers and Editing Dictated Matter. The last section is a 
comprehensive summary — A Day's Work — Being the Co-ordi- 
nation of the Work of Previous Days Into an Organized Whole. 




Teachers of Gregg Shorthand at University of California during Summer Session 

175 



THE NEED OF PENMANSHIP REFORMATION 
By A. N. Palmer 




Mr. Palmer complimenting the muscular move nent writing cf a seccnd- 
grade pupil in the Palmer Method School and exhibit room over moving picture 
booth No. 2, in the Palace of Education of the Panama-Pacific Exposition. 

More than a million little children with impaired eyesight 
and twisted spines are offered today as silent evidence that some 
one blundered in the methods of teaching penmanship a few 
years ago, — a million monuments to the manner in which we 
did not teach properly. 

One-half of the time now given to written tasks might be 
saved to be given to other urgent duties. 

Ninety per cent of the errors now caused by illegible writing 
might be avoided by teaching muscular movement writing during 
the child's first years in school, and yet some teachers cannot see 
that the proper teaching of writing is the most important duty 
she has to perform. Many little children are allowed to suspend 
their arms above the desks and make large characters during 
their first year or two in school — not only allowed but required 
to do so. only to be told later on that they must not do so. 
Think of it ! The average pupil in the schools of the United 
States does not reach the sixth grade, . and yet we waste one, 
two or even three years of his training in improper methods of 
teaching writing. Is it a wonder that our writing is the basis 
of unlimited reproach? 

There is no longer the least reason why any normal boy or 
girl should leave our schools unable to write a rapid legible 
style of business penmanship. Not only is this true, but when 



(Note: When the International Jury of Awards met they awarded 
Mr. Palmer a medal of honor as a collaborator in educational reform.) 

176 



we as school men fail to develop a child in this most essential 
subject, we start that child in life with a handicap as serious as 
if we failed to develop proper speech. 

Only a few years ago writing was looked upon as a non- 
essential, so much so that it was dropped from the normal 
schools of almost every state in the Union. The result has been 
a generation of teachers unable to write, and naturally unable 
to teach children to write. 

During this interim business has gone steadily onward. 
Competition has become keen. Efficiency is the watchword. 
Time has become a dominant factor. Our boys and girls must 
learn to write if they are to take their place in the business 
world, and to provide such training hundreds of private schools 
and business colleges have sprung up and flourished — their 
chief mission, it would seem, being to amend the deficiencies of 
our own public school system. 

Today our schools face a serious problem as a result of the 
conditions thrust upon them by our sincere but short-sighted 
predecessors. Our schools are filled with teachers who cannot 
write a business hand, much less teach a pupil to do so. Serious- 
minded superintendents are employing supervisors of penman- 
ship, but the infrequency of their visits to rooms serves to 
render their service more or less ineffective. 

In an effort to aid these superintendents, The A. N. Palmer 
Company several years ago planned a course for teachers which 
might be had without cost to them, and which might be carried 
on without interfering with the regular duties of the teacher. 
The underlying reasons for the course were these : If special 
teachers making but one visit to a room each week are of value 
(and every school man admits they are), it was but reasonable 
to suppose that when every teacher we have becomes a thor- 
oughly trained teacher of writing, supervising the writing of 
her children during the seventy-five periods each week instead 
of one period, we will have satisfactory writing. 

There are many places in the United States today where 
every child in the upper grades is a good business writer — there 
are counties in which the patrons of the rural schools have 
teachers who hold the Palmer Method Teachers' Certificate, and 
develop expert business writers. 

Members of the National Education Association and visitors 
to the Panama-Pacific Exposition should visit the class and 
exhibit room of the Palmer Method of Penmanship over mov- 
ing picture booth two, and the Standard Commercial School in 
the Palace of Education. In the Palmer Method Exhibit will 
be found at all times expert instructors, who will give free les- 
sons to those who desire them. Mr. Palmer will be in attend- 
ance much of the time. At 3:15 o'clock each afternoon a Palmer 
Method teacher conducts a writing lesson in the Standard Com- 
mercial School. 

177 



Remington Typewriter 
Company Awards 

at the 

Panama-Pacific 

International 

Exposition 

(Confirmed by Superior Jury) 

Outrank and Outnumber All Others in Its Line 




Grand Prize — For "Excellence of Its Product." 

Gold Medal of Honor — For Its "Educational Value." 

Gold Medal— For "Flexibility and Wide Range of Its Combined 
Typewriting and Adding Machine." (Wahl Mechanism.) 

Gold Medal — For "Quality and Variety" of "Remtico" Type- 
writer Ribbons and Carbon Papers. 



The Highest Possible Award in Every Department 
of Our Business 



Remington Typewriter Company 

(INCORPORATED) 

New York and Everywhere 



178 



THE REMINGTON TYPEWRITER COMPANY 

The Remarkable Part Which It Has Played in the Development 
of the Modern System of Commercial Education 

THE Standard Commercial School in the Palace of Edu- 
cation at the Panama-Pacific Exposition is exactly what 
its name implies. It is at once an epitome and a prac- 
tical working example of all the best ideas which have been 
evolved by the modern system of commercial education. 

Such being the nature and purpose of the school, the choice 
of the Remington Typewriter as its exclusive writing machine 
equipment was natural and inevitable. Several factors entered 
into this choice, any one of which might well have been deci- 
sive. The fact that the Remington is "the recognized leader 
among typewriters" would have been sufficient. So also would 
the fact that all recent typewriter improvements are Reming- 
ton improvements ; a truth which is amply substantiated by the 
history of typewriter progress during the past few years. Back 
of both of these facts, however, is another which is the most 
significant of all. In selecting the Remington as the sole 
medium of typewriter instruction, the Standard Commercial 
School simply recorded the aggregate judgment of all the 
schools of America, which use more Remington typewriters 
than all other makes combined. 

What is the number of Remington Typewriters employed 
for instruction purposes in the school rooms of America? The 
Remington Typewriter Company makes a practice every few 
years of instituting a complete census of all the schools of the 
country, public, private and religious, in which typewriting is 
taught, to determine the exact size of their typewriter equip- 
ments. The last Remington school census, taken a little less 
than three years ago, showed a total of 42,216 Remington Type- 
writers used for instruction purposes in the schools of the 
United States and Canada, which, as above stated, is more than 
all other makes combined. A new Remington census is now in 
progress, and so great has been Remington expansion in this 
field during the past three years that it is confidently expected 
that this latest Remington census will show a total of not less 
than 50,000 Remington Typewriters employed in the cause of 
commercial education in the United States and Canada alone. 

These figures are impressive ; to most people they are 
astounding. They justify the statement that commercial educa- 

179 



tion itself in its modern development is a child of the type- 
writer, and in a special sense of the Remington Typewriter — 
the creator and founder of the industry. This fact is best real- 
ized by comparing the status of commercial education at the 
time of the advent of the Remington Typewriter 40 years ago, 
with its enormous development at the present day. It is true 
that in the United States, at least, the commercial school ante- 
dated the typewriter. Such commercial schools as existed 40 
years ago, however, were few in number and were concerned 
only with the general business course. Nevertheless these 
schools provided a ready-made vehicle for shorthand and type- 
writing instruction and the development of the shorthand and 
typewriting course to its present magnitude has been a natural 
sequence. 

in practically every foreign country, however, it can be 
asserted without qualifications that commercial instruction owes 
its genesis to the Remington Typewriter Company. The Old 
World countries, at the time the Remington Typewriter first 
invaded these markets, had no parallel whatever to the com- 
mercial school as we know it today. It was necessary, there- 
fore, in introducing the typewriter into these countries not only 
to sell the machine but also to provide the operators. Hence 
the creation and development in all of these countries of the 
"Remington School" owned and operated by the Remington 
Typewriter Company or its representatives — which schools have 
constituted the models and prototypes for all similar institu- 
tions. Perhaps in no country has the contribution of the Rem- 
ington Typewriter Company to the cause of commercial 
education been more impressively illustrated than in British 
India. The Remington schools which are found in all the 
leading cities of India are practically the sole source through 
which the British Indian government obtains its supply of 
native stenographers and typists. Hence, these schools, al- 
though strictly private institutions, enjoy a certain official 
status. 

When all the facts are analyzed, it will surprise no one that 
the Remington has been the most potent factor in the develop- 
ment of commercial education. Modern commercial education 
has arisen in response to the demands of modern business and 
the greatest of all the achievements of the typewriter is the 
revolution which it has wrought in modern business itself. It 
cannot be doubted that the means for the more expeditious 
transaction of business, provided by the writing machine, has 
been the main cause of the unparalleled business expansion of 
the past generation. 

180 



Gold Medal Award 



TO THE 



Yawman and£rbE]V|FG. G°- 

On Equipment for Instruction in Filing and 

Indexing Methods in Practical Operation 

in the 

Standard Commercial School 

Panama-Pacific International Exposition 

GIVE YOUR STUDENTS MORE 
EARNING POWER 

Instruct them in Modern Systems and Methods of 
Filing, using the Y. & E. Educational Outfits 

Visit the Exhibit at the 
Standard Commercial School, Palace of Education 

Write for Booklet 2598 

Yawman and £rbe ]^|fg. Qo. 

ROCHESTER, NEW YORK 

San Francisco Branch 
712-16 Mission Street, San Francisco, California 



181 




STANDARD COMMERCIAL SCHOOL EXHIBIT 

Gold Medal Award 

TO 

C. F. Weber Company 



FOR 



School Furniture ami Equipment 

Exhibited at Standard Commercial School 
Palace of Education, P.-P. I. E. 

Members of the N. E. A. invited to visit our unexcelled line 
of School Furniture and Supplies. 

C. E. WEBER & COMPANY 



365 MARKET STREET 
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 



512 SO. BROADWAY 
LOS ANGELES, CAL. 



340 N. VIRGINIA ST. 
RENO, NEVADA 



182 



The Primary School 



is beginning to receive the attention it deserves. See the 
model of the new Primary School at Sacramento, 
designed by Shea & Lofquist, Architects of San Fran- 
cisco, displayed at the California Education Booth, Pal- 
ace of Education, Panama-Pacific Exposition. 

The International Jury Awarded this Model the 



Gold Medal 



For dignity and beauty of design, heating, lighting, ven- 
tilation, sanitary appointments, open-air facilities, audi- 
torium and other points of merit, this school stands 
superior. Teachers, school officials and parents are 
requested to visit the California Booth and inspect the 
model and photographs of this school designed by 



SHEA & LOFQUIST 



742 MARKET ST. 
SAN FRANCISCO 



WALDCRAFT LIQUID DYES 
For Stick Printing, Block Printing, 
Stenciling. 
Eighl colors, red, yellow, blue, 
orange, reseda green, olive green, 
brown, black. These may be mixed 
to produce any desired changes. 

These colors are ready for use. They 
will no1 freeze or deteriorate and are 
reasonably durable to washing and 
id light. They may be applied to 
paper, cotton, linen, silk, wool, velvet, 
leather, basket materials, wood. They 
iii> nui gum or change the texture of 
any of these materials. 



MODEL AND COSTUME CHARTS 
These charts are printed on water 
color paper i-xix Inches In size. Each 
charl contains a model figure and 
four complete costumes, one for sum- 
mer, one for winter, a coat suii and 
a graduation or party dress. Sec 
Illustration. Extremes in figures and 
cost nines are carefully avoided. 
WALDCRAFT PEG PRINTING SET 
To I hose who wish lo |>l;iee in each 
child's ha nils a complete out I'll for 

stick printing v\ her the WALD- 

CRAFT PEG PRINTING SET. 

Kor descriptive circular write 



THE WALDCRAFT CO., 1625 N. Delaware St., Indianapolis, or Coast Agents, 
MILTON BRADLEY CO., 20 Second St., San Francisco, Cal. 



Members of the N. E. A. are invited to make the 

INSIDE INN 

their rendezvous when at the Exposition. This hotel has the 
very best cafe service within the Exposition Grounds. Reason- 
able rates. 

ALBKRT BETTEM, Manager 



183 



College Hall 

College Hall, the first dormitory 
built for the women students of the 
University of California, is on the 
corner of Hearst and La Loma av- 
enue — facing the University grounds 
on the south. 

Application for residence should 
be made to Mrs. Davis, Head of 
College Hall. 



THIS BOOK IS FROM THE PRESS 
OF BOLTE & BRADEN COMPANY. 
ATTENTION GIVEN TO WORK OF 
QUALITY IN JOB PRINTING, LET- 
TER HEADS, DISPLAY CARDS, 
FOLDER, PAMPHLET, MAGAZINE 
AND BOOK PRINTING. COLOR 
WORK GIVEN SPECIAL ATTEN- 
TION. THE SHOP OF QUALITY. 

BOLTE & BRADEN COMPANY 
50 MAIN STREET, SAN FRANCISCO 



184 



N. E. A. 

Official Pictures 

Will Be Made by the 

P. P. I. E. Official Photographers 

Cardinell-Vincent Co. 

STUDIO: INSIDE FILLMORE GATE 
at junction of Zone and Ave. of Progress 

BEST PHOTOGRAPHY AND PROMPT DELIVERY 
GUARANTEED 

Special Attention Given to Group and Individual Portraits 

Visit this Studio and see the wonderful collection of Exposition 

Photographs in all sizes and styles 

Also Lantern Slides and Transparencies 

CAMERAS SOLD AND RENTED 

FILMS 

Quick Service Developing and Printing 

Beautiful Hand Tinted Exposition Photographs for Home and 
School Decoration 

Post Cards, Souvenirs and Films can be obtained at our Kiosks 
and Stores throughout the Grounds 

Any special picture will be made promptly to order upon request 

Don't fail to feed the pigeons in the Court of the Universe. 
A lot of fun for 5c. Pigeons eat from your hand. 

COUPON 

This Coupon is good for 10% discount at the Official Photo- 
graphic Studio on any purchase when presented by an N. E. A. 
Member. Studio: Inside Fillmore Gate at junction of Zone and 
Avenue of Progress. 

NO DISCOUNT WITHOUT THE COUPON 



185 



Greetings to all who read this: 

IF you come to San Francisco to visit the Panama-Pacific 
International Exposition, it is natural, if you are interested 
in art, to see the Palace of Fine Arts first, for here are the 
works of the artists of the past and present. The work of the 
future artists, however, are to be seen in the Fine and Applied 
Arts section of the Palace of Education. 

Special attention is here called to an exhibit of drawings, 
paintings, designs, and craft work as well as to a model studio, 
all of this work having been done by students of the California 
School of Arts and Crafts in Berkeley. The international jury 
awarded this display two gold and one silver medal. 

If you attend the N. E. A. meeting in Oakland you will find 
another exhibit by the same school in the city auditorium; and 
if you come to Berkeley do not fail to visit the art school 
where interested visitors are always welcome. 

If you are unable, however, to see either the exhibits or the 
School, but are interested in the study of art, write to Secretary 
for an illustrated catalog. 

The cover design of this magazine was made by 
one of our students 

2119 Allston Way, f tjllCMinCIRtel Frederick H. Meyer, 
Berkeley, Cal. UfA ^AEIMMR * ItU Director 



THE WONDER OF THE EXPOSITION 
The Half-Million Dollar Reproduction of the 

PANAMA CANAL 

ON THE ZONE 

Acknowledged by Press and Public to Be the Premier 
Attraction of the P. P. I. E. 



The Most Stupendous Scenic Wonder of the World 

Grand Canyon of Arizona 

ON THE ZONE 



-p £ |_j |J ANTEPE C Mexican village on the zone 

"The Amusement Feature of the Exposition." — Extract from Public Opinion. 
A Bit of Old Aztec Land, presenting CARLOTA MILLANES, Mexican Tetraz- 
zini; RAFAEL ALVAREZ, Mexico's Greater Tenor; MARIA CABALLE, Favorite 
of the Teatro Principal, Mexico City ;' FRANCISCO ESCALERA, Mexico's Charlie 
Chaplin, and a Company of wonderful dancers presenting Mexican dances from 
the time of the ancient Aztecs to the present day with two score ancient Toltec 
and Aztec primitive artists and artisans. An attraction that is unique and gen- 
uine. "JUST LIKE TAKING A TRIP INTO THE HEART OF OLD MEXICO." 

186 



The Angelus 




Los Angeles, Cal. 

Cor. Spring & Fourth Sts. 



Central location for all 

city and interurban 

car lines 

N. E. A. 
HEADQUARTERS 

Rates: 
Single $1.50 & upward 
Double $2.50 & upward 

THE 
ANGELUS GRILL 

High Class 

Moderate Prices 

LOOMIS BROS., Props. 



Reeds — Chair Cane 



BUY OF THE MANUFACTURER 



American Rattan & Reed Mfg. Co. 

Norman and Kingsland Avenues 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 



"We Also Supply Raffia" 



187 



.33^ 




Surrounded by orchards, vineyards, grain fields and comfortable homes, the 
Missions of California stand today as monuments to the older civilization. The 
large ranchos of thousands of acres have been cut into small holdings, each 
a paradise in itself. 



188 



IS HE CRAZY? 



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CHICKENS 



ONIONS.' ° POTATOES ®G 

,.,,... ', Q. o ra <S, «> ci ©ffi 
...inn q (fj (;>t 30QS 

f^'?^^9 »CORN#" 
TOMATOES , T „"! 

C* O QOQ'? 1 1 1 * f *J* 




IMS) 



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THE OWNER OF AN ORCHARD IN THE "VALLEY OF 
HEARTS DELIGHT" (SANTA CLARA), IS GIVING AWAY 
SEVERAL "LITTLE ORCHARDS." THE ONLY CONDI- 
TION IS THAT BERRIES BE PLANTED BETWEEN THE 
ROWS OF FRUIT TREES NOW IN BEARING. THE 
OWNER WANTS ENOUGH BERRIES RAISED TO SUPPLY 
A CANNING FACTORY. ONE MAN CLEARED OVER $700 
ON LESS THAN HALF AN ACRE. YOU 
CAN SECURE A "LITTLE ORCHARD" 
BY WRITING PENINSULAR LAND 
AND INVESTMENT COMPANY, OR 
PHONE DOUGLAS 2398. THEY 
WILL PLANT AND CARE FOR 
YOUR ORCHARD FOR $1.50 
PER WEEK. 



SOME THINK THIS 
MAN IS CRAZY FOR 
GIVING AWAY THE 
MOST BEAUTIFUL 
AND PRODUCTIVE 
LAND IN THE 
SANTA CLARA 
VALLEY, BUT 
THERE MIGHT 
BE SOME METH- 
OD IN HIS MAD- 
NESS. 




Peninsular 
Land and 
Investment Co. 

6th Floor, Mechanics' 
Institute Building, 
San Francisco 
Phone Douglas 2398 

Send further particulars 
of L the property herein 
described to 



Name 



Address 



189 



SOME NEW PUBLICATIONS of the 

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, ENGLAND 



Elementary Text Book of Zoology 
third edition). By A. B. Shipley, 
Sc.D., Hon. D.Sc, F.R.S., and 
E. W. MacBride, M. A,, D.Sc, 
F.R.S. $3.25. 

The Investigation of Mind in Ani- 
mals. By E. M. Smith. 90 cents. 

Volumetric Analysis. By A. J. 
Berry, M.A. $1.65. 

Introduction to Greek Reading. By 
George Robertson, M.A. 65 cents. 

Plane Trigonometry. By A. M. Hard- 
ing, A.M. (Chicago), associate 
professor of mathematics, Uni- 
versity of Arkansas, and J. S. 
Turner, B. A. (Cantab), in- 
structor in mathematics, Uni- 
versity of Arkansas. Price $1.10 
with tables, 90 cents without 
tables. 

Commercial Arithmetic (with or 
without answers). By G. S. Kim- 
ball. $1.50. 

VOLUMES NOW READY 

Sewage Purification and Disposal. 
By G. B. Kershaw. $3.75. 

The Chemical Examination of 
Water, Sewage and Foods. By J. 
E. Purvis, M.A., and I. R. Hodg- 
son, M.A. $2.75. 

The Bacteriological Examination of 
Food and Water. By William G. 
Savage, B.Sc. 
$2.25. 

Isolation Hospitals, 
lin Parson, M.D., 

Flies in Relation to Disease: Blood- 
sucking Flies. By E. Hindle, 
B.A., Ph.D. $3.75. 

Flies in Relation to Disease: Non- 
Bloodsucking Flies. By G. S. 
Graham-Smith, M.D. Second Edi- 
tion. Revised and Enlarged. $3.50. 
(Others in active preparation.) 

Infant Mortality. Bv H. T. Ashby, 
B.A, M.D., B.C., M.R.C.P. $3.25. 

Post- Mortem Methods. By J. Mar- 
tin Beattie, M.A., M.D. 

Cambridge Manuals of Science 
and Literature. 86 volumes 
now ready, others in active 
preparation. Each, 40 cents net. 

The Sun. By R. A. Sampson, D.Sc. 
F.R.S. With 18 illustrations. 

Coal Mining. By T. C. Cantrill. 
With 16 illustrations. 

The Making of Leather. By Prof. 
H.R. Proctor. With 15 illustra- 
tions. 

The Royal Navy. By John Leyland. 

Military History. By the Hon. J. 
W. Fortescue. 

Economics and Syndicalism. By 
Prof. A. W. Kirkaldy. 



M.D., D.P.H. 

By H. Frank - 
D.P.H. $3.75. 



Gn DHTMAMC CftkiC American Representatives 

. r. rUlnAlYlo oUNo 2 west 45th st. new york city 



190 



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PROPOSED 
^.TiFlCATiQX 



&^y- f\/?&jC3* COLON 




The Panama Canal, Showing Topography of Canal Zone and Location of 

Important Points 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



!i I 



021 521 253 1 



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